Misinformation in foreign policy

Propaganda has always been used by administrations from the earlier regimes to the most recent governments as a tool to assist them in attaining footholds as pertaining to their interests in foreign countries. This paper aims to support the fact that regimes use misinformation to progress their interests in foreign policy by aggravating protests from their citizens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Misinformation in foreign policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diverse opinions have been broached on the issue of change of foreign policy. One such view is proffered by McCormick (2009) who states that foreign policy practices have been changed dramatically since the terror attack on 9/11. He depicts several aspects that manipulate the materialization of the alterations within and outside the government and civilians spheres While exposing the media’s part in bringing about changes in foreign policy, he also provides more information on the way that particular aspects swayed resolutions formulated on foreign policy via alteration of communal thinking and principles of people. This information provides an unusual debate on foreign policy and its procedure. Spanier and Hook expose the culture of the U.S leadership. Not only do they dwell on the background of the supremacy and the procedure of policy formulation, they also attempt to expose the contemporary administrations mode of management applications. From the rule of George Bush to the present Obama’s administration, numerous topics founded on headship of America from WW II form the chapters of their book. The readers acquire an unambiguous depiction of the alterations occurring within foreign policy from the 1940’s since the writers have endeavored to associate the diverse leadership’s application of foreign policy. The book touches on several issues, majorly on co-relations of developing nations and the East, w ith the U.S. Other relevant aspects include the partaking of the U.S in the battles in Iraq and Afghanistan. Reports from the media and journalists generally, are also conferred by the writers on a few of the consequences of the battles. Spanier and Hook (2009) further elucidate that the latest financial catastrophe is a particular area whose consequences impacted worldwide, as well as it continually manipulates the type of foreign policy (Spanier Hook, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ungar (2005), political pressure forced employees of Voice of America (VOA), an independent international radio broadcasting operation, to discuss constructive aspects about the Iraq war and President Bush’s decision to go to war. Particulars about the way the State Department took up the VOA and commanded certain sequences of events broadcasted to give a good pi cture of the Iraq battle and the president were revealed in the editorial. The article basically delineates how misinformation through the media may be used as a tool of trade for governments by agitating international and communal views. The media also abetted in animating communal support for the presidential foreign policy after 9/11. Ungar states that this brought about a â€Å"hawkish foreign policy† According to Raiz (2010), the role of news media in a democratic society relates to how mass media is flourishing all over the world and has become a vital part of how our minds are shaped concerning our society. In relation to the media, egalitarianism has progressed worldwide. Some countries are more technologically challenged than others. This is a global world we live in today and in some far off areas the information revolution, the mass media has become a vital part of the social system (Raiz, 2010). Due to the interconnection between egalitarianism and media it is vit al to understand the issues on politics that we encounter. The relevance is because we live in a democratic society, in order for an individual to make a critical decision regarding the government and politics one must be well informed on how things are operated politically in the world. (Raiz, 2010) In yet another aspect, Greenwald (2010) was concerned that â€Å"the difficulty each person faces in believing that the media hinders our idea of politics is that we have built up our own resistance to understanding the political world as artificially limited† (p. 827-838).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Misinformation in foreign policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He further stated that we are able to talk about the political propaganda which causes manipulation concerning the political opinions as long as it affects others and not us personally (Greenwald 2010, p. 827). Manipulation into trusting false hoods of the opinionated world about us is a reality, yet a difficult aspect to face. From the onset of 9/11, the relationship between the media and the state has rapidly declined especially between news groups, the U.S and its war associates in the battle against terrorism and has called for the re-evaluation of on-hand hypothetical structure that elucidates the relations between the media and the state. After summarizing the hypothetical structure historically, Ãâ€"ztà ¼rk (2009) analyzes the impact of the post-September 11 events on the freedom of expression and press freedom to introduce the changing and deteriorating environment for the press-state relations since then. The power politics applied widely by states domestically and internationally in the post-9/11 world have caused serious violations of the freedom of expression in general, these therefore resulted setbacks and deteriorations in press freedom in particular (Ãâ€"ztà ¼rk 2009 p. 42). It may be concluded that mo dern approaches and hypothesis that may elucidate the relations between the media and state are called for by this modern situation. For a very long time, the tradition of hegemony which states that the president is allowed unequalled power to run views and information in times of battle has been predominant in political communiquà © writing. Patrick and Thrall (2007), observed that, we believe that classical propaganda theory provides a useful corrective to the hegemonic perspective and offers a better way to understand the Bush administration’s propaganda strategy and its impact on public opinion (Patrick Thrall 2007). They summed up by stating that the president did not conform to the hegemonic rules as envisaged.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Judis (2011), certain media institutions, at the behest of stakeholders, moved away from disinterestedness in reporting, to using propaganda to promote conservative and liberal change. Philosophies of the Republicans are majorly underscored here. The author shows how present regimes utilize the propaganda generated by the media to stir the public. Judis also highlights a plan to attain matched access to the media and the outcome. References Greenwald, G. (2010). Limiting Democracy. The American Media’s World View, and  Ours, 77(3), 827-838. Judis, J. B. (2011). Neutralized. New Republic, 242(6), 16-18. McCormick, J. (2009). American foreign policy and process. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Ãâ€"ztà ¼rk, A. (2009). International Politics and the Media: The Case of the Press/Media in the War on Terror. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 8(3), 42-72. Patrick, B. A., Thrall, A. (2007). Beyond Hegemony: Classical Propaganda Theory and Presid ential Communication Strategy after the Invasion of Iraq. Mass Communication Society, 10(1), 95-118. doi: 10.1080/15205430701229808 Raiz, S. (2010). FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 89-98. Spanier, J. and Hook, S. (2009). American foreign policy since World War II. Washington: CQ Press Ungar, S. J. (2005). Pitch Imperfect. Foreign Affairs, 84(3), 7. This essay on Misinformation in foreign policy was written and submitted by user Ronan Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Man of a Million Faces essays

The Man of a Million Faces essays The Man of a Million Faces Jim Carrey is a man who excels at the field of comedy and acting. The reason that he excels is that he is very down to earth, his personality personifies how a lot of teenagers act and feel today, and he is extremely popular. James Eugene Carrey seems to be one of the most down to earth people that you will ever see on television. Whether it is on the Tonight Show or Entertainment Tonight, Jim can turn any dull moment into something comedic. When I was recently reading about him I found out that although he is a superstar he enjoys many of the same things that us regular people like. For example Jims favorite kind of food is sandwiches, chips, and a little bowl of ice cream for dessert. He really is not in to the whole glamorous celebrity thing. He enjoys the simple things in life. I also learned that Jim loves cartoons and his favorite character is Deputy Dog. Jim also wears something that a lot of men and women wear, Fruit of the Loom underwear. According to my reading they are the undergarments of choice for a lot of celebrities. Finally, and I think this is more than anyone needs to know, Jim prefers Charmin toilet paper. I do not know why anyone would really care about this but it was listed as a fact about him. Another reason that he is so good at what he does is that he acts just like the kids that are watching his movies. After a Jim Carrey movie is released I suggest that you listen to a few conversations among teenagers. You are almost assured the latest Jim Carrey quote, and you can be sure that an impersonation is not far behind. There is just something about what he says that sticks in teenagers minds. Something else that sets Jim apart from all the rest is his uncanny way of making faces. Sometimes you have to wonder if his jaw is dislocated. He can do things with his mouth no other human can accomplish. It is unbelievabl...

Text of the 14th Amendment

Text of the 14th Amendment The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by Congress on June 13, 1866, during the Reconstruction period after the end of the Civil War. Along with the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, it is one of the three Reconstruction amendments. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment modified Article I, section 2 of the Constitution. It has had far-reaching effects on the relationship between states and the federal government. Text of the 14th Amendment Section 1.All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2.Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3.No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4.The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5.The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. *Changed by section 1 of the 26th amendment.

Experience of Illness and Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Experience of Illness and Disability - Essay Example It also includes the behavioral responses, health care seeking, and receptivity to and adherence to the treatment of pain. Current research indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is a highly complex problem and involves sociological, economic and psychological variables, in addition to the traditional medical components. Pat, aged 46, attends a private clinic for pain relief. Pat comes from a simple family background. When he became a teen-ager, he left for the City of London to seek work in order to send money home. In London, he married Kate, who is also of Irish descent. He worked as a postman in London for twenty years. He raised his family in rented rooms with their two children. He had to work hard and he mostly did over-time work in order to support his family. Finally, the couple built their own home with the help of Kate's dad. He had felt the first sensations of pain during that time which persisted up to the present. He had chronic back pain. So he began taking ibuprofen and he carried on with this work. Then when the Mail Department was reorganized, he moved to a desk job. That was when the bouts got more frequent and painful. His doctor, a general practitioner told him that he had been carrying his post-bag wrong all those years. His doctor kept giving him repeat prescriptions for paink illers and he kept complaining they didn't work. He started taking ibuprofen, a painkiller drug. Then he started having days off at a stretch, so he could undergo some tests. Since all the tests of the doctor were inconclusive, he sought the help of an osteopath. The osteopath was professional and put him through a lot of painful manipulations but he seemed to lose interest after a while. His officemates complained about his time off from work. Kate and his kids were very sympathetic. He goes to see a psychologist who believes that his pain is real. He is comforted when the psychologist affirmed his pain.Pat's narrative is important to his recovery. By uncovering a means of interpreting the illness, he can re-establish the relationship between himself, the world and his body. (Williams, 1984). The narrative reconstruction is focused on gaining meaning and import to the illness by placing it within the context of one's own life and to reconstruct the narrative of the self (Frank, 199 5). Drawing up a narrative of one's chronic illness within the framework of one's own life history makes it possible to give meaning to events that have disrupted and changed the course of one's life (Williams, 1984). When individuals are unable to achieve this, identity issues remain unresolved. The ways in which illness effects self-change has been explored through narratives (Frank, 1995). There are three types of illness narratives: restitution, chaos and quest. Restitution involves seeking to return to the former self, chaos depicts an inability to interpret and make sense of the illness and quest, seeking to achieve a new self that draws on the experience of having suffered. In this case study, Pat's narrative reflects the restitution type where he seeks to return to his former self. Identity reconstruction takes the premise that loss of self is a fundamental consequence of chronic illness. Pat aspires to see the end of his pain. In the last few paragraphs of his narrative, he states that after the acupuncture, daily massage from Kate and a dram of whiskey, he is able to sleep well and face a

Opion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opion - Case Study Example This case deals with how the company deals effectively with providing a service that is accurate and more than what the competition is offering. It is not very easy to give a verdict about a particular stock following its speculation in the market and people's perception but this is exactly what Opion set out to do in 2001 despite competition from the likes of a Vancouver based MindfulEye (www.mindfuleye.com) which provided a Moodscore for several stocks and Stockscores (www.stockscores.com) which provided clients with actual stock analysis based on technical grounds. Stockscores was actually superfluous because it did not provide analysis based on verbal speculation but Mindfuleye was more of a competition although none of these were considered actual competitors of Opion. Opion was a different ball game altogether. Its major product was Opion Financial Pro 1.0 which calculated hourly buzz scores on three major indices namely the Standard and Poor's 500, the NASDAQ 100 and the Dow Jones 30 Industrial Average. The basic work of Financial Pro 1.0 was to gauge fluctuations in stock values and help portfolio managers become better decision makers by analyzing how investors perceive a particular stock. Later, traditional methods were used to analyze the stock on more technical grounds. One of the major disadvantages of using such a method is inaccuracy. ... Hence Opion took three measures that advised a conjecture about a stock to be negative or positive. Relevance was of the utmost importance as trying to determine whether a particular posting is pertinent to the topic being discussed is of very high significance. Credibility came next as anyone can register on a forum and start discussions about something they may or may not know much about. So determining people who were actually familiar with the stock market lingo and characteristics was a challenge but a necessary one at that. Lastly, came influence. Any messaging or posts in a discussion forum are subject to influence from other people or even generally what is written in the forums. Influence gives wind to rumors and rumors blight credibility dramatically. These were some challenges that Opion had to face, which other companies may not have taken into consideration. Buzz scores, however may not be too accurate when looked at from a certain point of view. The case explains that there was high variance from day to day and stock to stock. While day-to-day variance may be taken into account and dealt with considering fluctuation volumes, stock-to-stock variance gave heed to inaccuracies. New economy stocks like Microsoft and Cisco obviously generate more talk and interest than old economy stocks due to the perception that these are essentially more profitable. Actually, this may not necessarily be the case. The major reason a new economy stock will be seen more optimistically is the fact that more people are talking about it and there is more speculation as to the trading of this stock. Old economy stocks may not be favorites here despite their market moving and index weight abilities. Hence, Opion was prone to get

Bentley starts Essay Example for Free

Bentley starts Essay Question 1: Bill visits a local car auction and is immediately attracted to a red car labeled ‘Ferrari 1979’ which he purchases from peter. Peter is not a car expert but he has borrowed a book from the library and identified the car as a 1979 model. Bill also sees a classic Bentley which is owned by James, a qualified car mechanic. James informs Bill that the Bentley is operating perfectly on the way to the auction. Bill wanders off to look at another car and in his absence, the engine of the Bentley starts emitting smelly black smoke. However, by the time Bill returns, the smoke has temporarily cleared and he pays James the full price for the car. Subsequently, Bill discovers that the Ferrari is a fake but he crashes it while showing off to his girlfriend. It is a total write of further. He discovers that the engine in the Bentley is faulty. His mechanic manages to undertake some minor repairs to keep the engine running temporarily but warns Bill that in the long run he will need a new engine. Advice Bill. Question 2: Gethin runs a hotel at a popular seaside resort. He decides to expand his hotel by adding an extension but his accountant warns him that it will only be economical if built in time for the summer season. His contract with Bob, a local builder, contains the following conditions: 1) The extension will be built by 1 April 30 to be payable for each day’s delay thereafter. 2) The extension must be built using local materials as specified in Gethin’s attached list of specifications. 3. The floor must be fitted by a specialist flooring contractor to be nominated by Gethin. On April 30, the extension is still attractive. He is extremely annoyed to find out that the floor had not been fitted by Unique Floor Ltd, the firm he nominated and there are now large cracks in its surface. He is distressed by the whole experience and in fit of anger, dismisses Bob and hires Jack to complete the work. Jack, seizing the opportunity charges Gethin with a double rate for the work. Bob and Jack are now demanding payment form Gethin . Advise Gethin Advice 1: As an initial move, Bill should approach James as soon as possible and inform him about the condition of the Bentley. As a merchandiser, it is James responsibility to address Bill’s query regarding the car and help him resolve the problem. In addition, James also has the obligation to provide a concrete description of the products that he is offering. He has to be honest in his service and he should not lie to customers for the sake of making more money or else he might suffer from consequences after. Even if the mechanic has done temporary repairs on the Bentley, the possibility of acquiring new engine and spending additional cost in the long run makes the situation harder for Bill. It is also not reasonable to say that James has no responsibilities on the car anymore since it is already bought because of the car has been damage even before it is bought. According to the law of consumer rights, the merchandiser has the obligation to sell products that are described correctly including the damages that the products may have. The consumer also has the right to return a product if the consumer discovered any failure right after the product’s purchase (ANL 2009). Applying to Bill’s case, James lied to Bill about the condition of the car prior to purchase so James has right to return the car and ask for reimbursement if ever the car’s engine is not changed. On the other hand, the case of the Ferrari is different. Bill should have informed Peter about the situation earlier so that the issue has been resolved. As a customer, Bill has the right to return the car but since the car has been damaged because of his fault, his right has been void (ANL 2009). It is true that Peter has lied and Bill can still pursue to take legal actions against him. However, the possibility of any reimbursement is low due to Bill’s mistake of damaging the car due to his irresponsible actions. Through a legal process, he can still acquire an amount of money from Peter as a reimbursement but it will not be the same amount that he paid due to the damages on the car that he also has to pay. Advice 2: Gethin can solve by having a negotiation with Jack about the rate of work. Even though Jack is selected to finish the work, it is his ethical responsibility to avoid taking too much advantage of the situation. As a professional, Jack has a duty to render service for the benefit of his and his client’s party. He should price the service based on its regular price and not based on other unreasonable reasons (Thomson Reuters 2009). Through a business negotiation, Gethin should explain the situation to Jack and convince him to agree with his proposed rate. Both of them should present their oown proposal of price and be able to defend it. Gethin should explain that since it is just a completion work, the rate should not be very high. He should also identify the conditions and present it clearly so that any misunderstanding can be avoided. However, if Jack still did not agree, then the best way that Gethin can do is to look for other company that can finish the work and agree with his terms. Since it will be just a completion work, other companies will surely accept the project given that Gethin offers a reasonable rate. Business will still be business and as an entrepreneur, Gethin should know his limitations in terms of offering rates so that he will not end up spending a huge amount of money for the project. On the other hand, Gethin can sue Bob for not complying with the contract. The fact that Bob agreed on the contract gave him an obligation to follow it and be subjected to rules. In any business, contracts are considered as legal documents and are subjected to agreement between two parties. Anyone who disobeys can be sued and will be subjected to penalties depending on the case (Thomson Reuters 2009). Bob, as a contractor, should know about the consequences of not complying with the contract. If Bob is proven to guilty, then he will be liable to pay a certain amount to Gethin to cover the damages that he made and he might also lose his work license. References: Thomson Reuters. 2009. Contract and the Law. Available at http://smallbusiness. findlaw. com/business-forms-contracts/business-forms-contracts-overview-law. html Associated Newspapers Limited (ANL). 2009. Consumer Rights. ThisIsMoney. co. uk. Available at http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/help-and-advice/advice-banks/article. html? in_advicepage_id=130in_article_id=395991in_page_id=90

Essay --

In the course of years of stock market study, two quite distinct schools of thought have arisen, two radically different methods of arriving at the answers to the trader’s problem of what and when. In the street jargon, one of these is commonly referred to as the fundamental analysis or statistical, and the other as the technical. The term technical in its application to the stock market has come to have a special meaning. It refers to the study of the action of the market itself as opposed to the study of goods in which the market deals. Technical analysis is the science of recording, usually in graphic form, the actual history of trading (price changes, volumes, and transactions, etc) in a certain stock or in â€Å"the averages† and then deducing from that pictured history the probable future trend. According to Park and Irwin (2007) recent studies indicate that technical trading strategies consistently produce economic profits in a range of speculative markets at lea st until the early 1990s. From a total of 95 recent studies, 56 studies find positive results regarding technical trading strategies, 20 studies obtained negative results, and 19 studies indicate mixed results. In pioneering work, Smidt (1965b) studies amateur traders in US commodity futures markets and finds that more than half of the respondents use charts exclusively or moderately in order to identify trends. Charts are working tools of the technical analyst, and they have been developed in a multitude of forms and styles to represent graphically almost anything that takes place in the market as well as to plot â€Å"index† derived thereform. From a more recent study, Billingsley and Chance (1996) found that about 60% of commodity trading advisors (CTAs) rely heavily or e... ...market quotation already contains in itself all that can be known about the future and in that sense has discounted future contingencies as much as is humanly possible.† There are also negative empirical findings in numerous pioneer and widely cited studies of technical analysis in the stock market, such as Fama and Blume (1966), Jensen and Benington (1970), and Van Horne and Parker (1967, 1968). Sullivan et al (1999, 2003) and Olson (2004) are among recent studies that have shown that technical trading rules do generate positive economic profits before the 1990s, but the profits are declining markedly or are disappearing altogether as time passes and globalization occurs. Such results may be explained by temporary market inefficiencies in periods before the 1990s. According to Park and Irwin, 2007, there are two possible explanations for the temporary inefficiencies Essay -- In the course of years of stock market study, two quite distinct schools of thought have arisen, two radically different methods of arriving at the answers to the trader’s problem of what and when. In the street jargon, one of these is commonly referred to as the fundamental analysis or statistical, and the other as the technical. The term technical in its application to the stock market has come to have a special meaning. It refers to the study of the action of the market itself as opposed to the study of goods in which the market deals. Technical analysis is the science of recording, usually in graphic form, the actual history of trading (price changes, volumes, and transactions, etc) in a certain stock or in â€Å"the averages† and then deducing from that pictured history the probable future trend. According to Park and Irwin (2007) recent studies indicate that technical trading strategies consistently produce economic profits in a range of speculative markets at lea st until the early 1990s. From a total of 95 recent studies, 56 studies find positive results regarding technical trading strategies, 20 studies obtained negative results, and 19 studies indicate mixed results. In pioneering work, Smidt (1965b) studies amateur traders in US commodity futures markets and finds that more than half of the respondents use charts exclusively or moderately in order to identify trends. Charts are working tools of the technical analyst, and they have been developed in a multitude of forms and styles to represent graphically almost anything that takes place in the market as well as to plot â€Å"index† derived thereform. From a more recent study, Billingsley and Chance (1996) found that about 60% of commodity trading advisors (CTAs) rely heavily or e... ...market quotation already contains in itself all that can be known about the future and in that sense has discounted future contingencies as much as is humanly possible.† There are also negative empirical findings in numerous pioneer and widely cited studies of technical analysis in the stock market, such as Fama and Blume (1966), Jensen and Benington (1970), and Van Horne and Parker (1967, 1968). Sullivan et al (1999, 2003) and Olson (2004) are among recent studies that have shown that technical trading rules do generate positive economic profits before the 1990s, but the profits are declining markedly or are disappearing altogether as time passes and globalization occurs. Such results may be explained by temporary market inefficiencies in periods before the 1990s. According to Park and Irwin, 2007, there are two possible explanations for the temporary inefficiencies

Global Warming and its Effects Essay

There is no doubt that our world has been warming up. Eleven out of the past twelve years, that is, 1995 to 2006, have been ranked among the twelve â€Å"warmest years since 1850 (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4,† 2007). † Humans did not keep systematic records of temperature before 1850; nevertheless, scientists are confident that there is something terribly wrong with the steady increase of global surface temperature between 1995 and 2006. The evidence of global warming includes the shrinking of beautiful mountain glaciers in many parts of the world; thawing of permafrost; the early breakup of lake as well as river ice; lengthening of growing seasons (especially mid to high latitude); shifting of animal, insect and plant ranges; early flowering of trees; early emergence of insects and egg laying of birds; changes in ocean currents as well as patterns of precipitation; and the increasing lifetimes and intensities of tropical storms in several regions of the globe (â€Å"Climate Change 2007,† 2007). Seeing that the poorest people of the world are rather dependent on a hospitable as well as stable climate for their crop growing needs in addition to the gathering of natural resources, it is vital to understand climate change before attempting to manage it. Poor people are reliant on the monsoon seasons, for example, but climate change is about to turn their lives around. Moreover, it is the poorest people of the world that are most vulnerable to the destruction caused by natural disasters. The Asian tsunami of 2004 provides evidence of this phenomenon. Increase in drought frequency in Africa is another reason why policymakers around the globe must consider decisions that would have a long-term impact on humanity. Other examples of the destruction caused by climate change to the poor communities in particular include the effects of Katrina in the United States and the heat wave that was experienced by Europeans in 2003. As these examples reveal, poor people in rich societies are also vulnerable to the devastating effects of global warming (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). Additionally, the effects of global warming are expected to vary across the globe. According to a publication of the United Nations Environment Programme: While the Earth’s climate has varied throughout the prehistoric ages, the last few decades have witnessed a global climate disruption that is unprecedented over the recent millennia, a period of relative climatic stability during which civilization emerged. Some regions, particularly the Arctic, will be more affected by climate change than others closer to the equator. In many regions, the agricultural sector will be particularly affected. The combination of high temperatures and decreased soil moisture projected for parts of Africa will be particularly hard to adapt to (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). The publication of the UNEP, â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4,† also describes the main responsibility that human beings must assume for global warming: that, in fact, humans have placed great pressure on the climate system with increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The greenhouse gas that is mainly responsible for climate change appears to be carbon dioxide, primarily originating from the consumption of fossil fuels. But, other gases are similarly responsible for climate change. According to the report: â€Å"Since the dawn of the industrial age, the concentrations of these gases have been steadily increasing in the atmosphere (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). † Overly excited about their achievements during and after the golden Industrial Age, human beings did not realize that materialism and greed could even be responsible for ending their existence on Earth in the near future. Indeed, if climate change is not managed through effective, global environmental policies at present, huge natural disasters may very well finish off all life on our planet. As it is, global warming is accompanied by spells of really high temperatures that are known to destroy life through heat stress in addition to air pollution. In June 2003, Europe experienced such a spell. It raised temperatures twenty to thirty percent higher than the average temperatures during summer. What is more, the spell covered a huge portion of the European continent, from Germany to Italy, and from the north of Spain to Czech Republic. With social as well as economic impacts, besides its environmental impacts, the heat wave presented heavy losses to the European continent. In point of fact, thirty thousand European people lost their lives during June 2003. Forestry and agricultural production were impaired; forests were burned; crop cycles were disrupted; nuclear reactors cooled by water from rivers had to be closed; demand for electricity could not be met; and the stability of rocks was affected (â€Å"Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe,† 2004). Europe had experienced significant development during the Industrial Age, although it did not have any power over the heat wave of 2003. More importantly, perhaps, it is evident that the European Union would now play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The heat wave of 2003 served as a warning for the entire continent to begin taking serious action against greenhouse gas emissions, while enjoying the fruits of the Industrial Age even in the twenty first century (â€Å"Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave†). As bad as the European heat wave of 2003 was, there is no way for it to compete with the rising average temperatures in the Arctic. In fact, temperatures in the Arctic are â€Å"rising almost twice as rapidly as in the rest of the world (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). † Sea ice and glaciers in the Arctic are presently melting, while the permafrost temperatures are rising. In Siberia and Alaska, permafrost is also melting. This is expected to release methane into the Earth’s atmosphere from the frozen hydrates. Scientists are aware that fifty million years back, a large amount of methane was released into the Earth’s atmosphere. Temperatures around that time must have risen approximately five to seven Celsius. Additionally, scientists have determined that it took approximately one hundred and forty thousand years for the atmosphere to return to its normal state after the initial release of methane (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). Perhaps, therefore, the effects of global warming would remain with us for a very long period of time. Our future generations would have to suffer because of the excessive greenhouse gas emissions that our generation has been held responsible for. Other effects of global warming include increased changes in precipitation around the world. While wet regions are experiencing more rain, the dry areas of our world are turning more arid than before. In addition, regions like Africa with â€Å"the lowest contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions† are projected to suffer most due to these changes (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). As a matter of fact, water scarcity is projected to become a dangerous problem for the African people in the days to come (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). Global warming is also increasing â€Å"intense tropical cyclone activity,† especially in the North Atlantic (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). This has been going on since 1970, and is definitely associated with increases in the surface temperatures of tropical seas. Furthermore, there is evidence of increased tropical cyclone activity in certain regions of the world where it is difficult to gather high quality data. In any case, over the past thirty five years the number of Class 4 and 5, high intense storms, has almost doubled. These storms are now occurring in virtually all ocean basins. Of a certainty, our world would warm up even more because of this activity in the deep (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). It is time, therefore, for all countries of the world to seriously consider the kinds of policies that could reverse the damage caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Humans have no control over unknown natural powers that may be causing climate change. Even so, they instinctively know the route they must take so as to help all living beings on the planet. The UNEP publication, â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4† refers to our world as a â€Å"one planet economy,† where all resources must be shared. So even though the Africans did not pollute the environment as much as the Americans and the Europeans during the Industrial Age, they must suffer because they did not even consider advising the Americans and the Europeans to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Of course, they were in no position to advise the polluters. Global warming has been showing its severe effects only now – a time when the world seems to have accepted the idea that life on Earth may end pretty soon if human beings do not stop harming the environment. References Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basics. (2007, Feb 5). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http://ipcc-wg1. ucar. edu/wg1/docs/WG1AR4_SPM_Approved_05Feb. pdf. Global Environmental Outlook 4: Environment for Development. (2007). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http://www. unep. org/geo/geo4. Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe. (2004, Mar). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http://www. grid. unep. ch/product/publication/download/ew_heat_wave. en. pdf.

Arts In The Education Of Young Children Education Essay

Art is an first-class signifier for immature kids to show feelings, thoughts and their apprehensions about themselves and the environing as they see it. They enjoy experiences in ocular art, music, play, motion and dance. Piaget ‘s influence of drama a critical human features besides categorise drama as activities of humanistic disciplines such as playing music, doing and executing dramas, painting images and reading novels. These experiences allow them to be originative, inventive and expressive ( Swanwick, 1988 ) . Loris Malaguzzi as cited in McArdle ( 2003 ) states that humanistic disciplines open a window of chances for kids to utilize a 100 linguistic communications, a 100 custodies, a 100 ideas, a 100 ways of thought, of playing and speech production. My statement on the importance of humanistic disciplines in immature kids instruction will be with specific illustrations from ocular and music. Fraser ( 2005 ) states that in many parts of the universe the preschools have rich resources of art stuffs like clay, pigments, montage stuffs and play dough available but rarely integrated into the plan. The instructors rarely promote the kids make usage of the stuffs other than for centripetal geographic expedition. In our preschool and many other preschools in Singapore it is merely displayed as a show piece to demo new walk in parents coming in for questions that such resources are available but they are non liberally used in the plan. Duffy ( 1998 ) states that to elicit kids ‘s originative and inventive experiences sufficient infinite to work and easy accessible resources must be offered to them. The esteemed Reggio Emilia early childhood plan that Singaporeans believe has a civilization of holding pedagogues who consider art non in isolation but integrated as one of the 100 linguistic communications kids use to look into and stand for the universe ( Fraser, 2005 ) . An i llustration will be exposing clay, wood, stones, shells and dried grass that are beautifully laid on the tabular array for kids to believe how birds use clay to construct their nests and the instructor scaffold the kids to propose how the kids can research with the stuffs themselves. These art signifiers provide immature kids with chances for self-awareness, societal interaction, geographic expedition, use that stimulate their senses and enhances their acquisition and originative thought. Spencer ( as cited in Swanwick, 1988 ) states that art should non be dissociable from instruction as leisure but occupy the leisure portion of instruction. Pulling is cardinal to all ocular communicating and yet in a recent study by Clement in1994, 60 per centum of the instructors do non cognize how it might best be taught and they requested further in service preparation if they are to learn the art course of study ( Cooke, Griffin and Cox, 1998 ) . Cooke, et Al. ( 1998 ) states that pulling arouses imaginativeness and it helps in entering their observations in other countries of course of study. The beauty of the kids ‘s work in Reggio ‘s 100 linguistic communications of kids, exhibit the undertakings that utilize kids ‘s symbolic linguistic communications, which include pulling, painting and building clay modeling. Cooke, et Al. ( 1998 ) states that representational drawing are ocular communicating which is comparatively easy to read and is used in different civilizations at different times throughout history. Children in Reggio Emilia usage drawing as the fastest and most direct manner of seting their thoughts across and doing them seeable. This processes show the kids ‘s manner of doing sense of the universe through representation. They spontaneously use pulling as a linguistic communication to stand for their thoughts to show their emotions and pass on the thought of immature kids. Kolbe ( 2001 ) states that ocular humanistic disciplines is an unbelievable powerful tool that enables kids to explicate things to themselves and to others. Children understand their potencies for personal looks by experimenting with art stuffs and procedures. They develop good motor control, linguistic communication and job resolution schemes, societal accomplishments and aesthetic consciousness and grasp. Children early exposure to ocular humanistic disciplines in Reggio Emilia enable them to hold deep apprehension of making high quality art. They are introduced to line, coloring material, forms and signifier, form and texture. Lines are everyplace and kids are introduced to forms such as long, short, thick, fat, heavy, thin horizontal, perpendicular, diagonal, jagged, smooth, uninterrupted and broken. Children are besides introduced to the names of colors as primary and blending two primary colorss to do secondary colorss and observe sunglassess of colorss such as warm, cool, dull, light, pale and dark. Shape and signifier refers to the country of an object or image, lines or colorss that create boundaries within a image that create forms. Children can pass hours gleefully making three-dimensional representations of things they see utilizing clay, dough or blocks and introduced to vocabulary such as unit of ammunition, ellipse, trigon, wide, narrow and broad. In images and three-dimensional graphicss, kids can look out for represented or contrasting colorss, lines, forms or combinations of these elements. Texture refers to the haptic quality of objects, either in existent life or simulated by combination of art elements in a image. Children may look for and screen out objects of different texture to make a image. They could besides look at a image and conjecture if an object is unsmooth, smooth, furred, prickly, slippery, difficult or soft. The rules of the ocular humanistic disciplines are unity, beat, proportion, design, balance, harmoniousness, contrast and repeat. Pulling picture and working with clay hence should be the nucleus countries of ocular art plans and should be offered daily, so that kids come to understand and utilize these media for cognitive and expressive intents. There are cumulative phases in a kid ‘s development and as psychologist, Eleanor Maccoby ( as cited in Swanwick, 1988 ) mentioned that development occur in a consecutive order and Maccoby ( as cited in Swanwick, 1988 ) mentioned that the series of kids ‘s imperfect development is at a reasonably standard timetable. Swanwick ( 1988 ) states that the influencing factors are the familial heritage and the environment illustration the place, school and society where the kid is exposed. Piaget ( as cited in Swanick,1988 ) states that feeling of power is the pleasance of a kid researching and get the hanging the environment and an illustration is the babe larning to reiterate a vocal sound or agitate a rattling continuously. Music is representational and Swanwick ( 1988 ) states that the kid is able to copy and the kid is able to make new relationship through imaginativeness. Swanwick ( 1988 ) besides states that the critical human features play is per se bound with playing musi c. A kid ‘s self-generated music behavior through Piaget ‘s theory of meaningful drama triggers imaginativeness than the structured music instruction. Winston ( 2010 ) states that playing is a verb applicable to the originative procedure illustration instrumentalists with melodious and harmonic possibilities to the development of accomplishments practised through playing. The right hemisphere of the encephalon maps and probes have shown that the right encephalon has particular maps of the sensuous, the spatial and the intuitive that all helps in the imaginativeness procedure ( Swanwick, 1988 ) . If instructors work with a standardized theoretical account, the kids ‘s inventive qualities are lost as they are tuned merely to the creative activity of music of what the instructor ‘s learn them to compose ( Young and Glover, 1998 ) . Learning music is bound by the theoretical trigon of command, imitation and imaginativeness and the rhythm is continues with the kid ‘s different phases of growing and besides when larning a different musical instrument. A kids ‘s first response to the music before they turn one twelvemonth old is the tone by larning to reiterate what they hear and master the tone. The following phase will be copying the physical motion in relation to the beat of the music and it occurs between 18 months and 2 old ages old. Around the age of four kids are able to build inventive vocals and to scaffold their cognition a good acquisition environment is essential.Their natural intrinsic musical endowment the kid manifest can be farther developed through extrinsic schoolroom larning environment. Andress states that music play country should pull kids to trip wonder so that they will be motivated to affect in doing and reacting to music. Opportunities should be given to kids to make their ain music with broad picks of musical instruments available and besides to listen to others music and learn to copy the music that they prefer. Music should be integrated as portion of the plan in the schoolroom and pick of single and group musical activities should be provided. The activities should be combination of child-directed or grownup facilitated as a group. The type of musical activities can be composing and improvizing with instruments and voice, notating, listening to music, playing instruments, singing invented or canonic vocals. The activities can be interconnected to complement one type of activity to do it more lively and disputing for the kids. The adults function will be placing the kids ‘s potency and help the kids in developing their musical competency and enjoyment. The importance of humanistic disciplines can merely be felt and appreciated if the lead comes from the Education Ministry. Singapore instruction system is structured with accent on the degree Celsius onfucius philosophy on meritocracy. They give strong support in the acquisition of Science and Mathematics related topics but really small support on humanistic disciplines. Gifted kids on Science and Mathematics ( Ministry of Education, 2012 ) are identified at an early age of nine and specially groomed to heighten their familial capablenesss. Parents by and large feel that Science and Mathematics are more of import than humanistic disciplines and many kids who have natural endowment and involvement in humanistic disciplines are non given the chance to supply an environment. Our authorities besides do non supply avenues for kids with natural endowments in humanistic disciplines to be identified and specially groomed. I am besides one of the luckless individual whereby I loved ocular hum anistic disciplines but I was non given an chance because during my clip technology topics were favoured so that we can procure successful and high salary calling when we grow up. If importance in humanistic disciplines is given at the primary and higher degree instruction I believe parents perceptual experience on the importance and the demand for presenting humanistic disciplines at an early age will alter. This will promote preschool pedagogues to give more accent on incorporating humanistic disciplines in the pre-school course of study as day-to-day activities.

Legalize Marijuana essays

Legalize Marijuana essays The issue of whether or not to legalize marijuana has become a great debate in recent years. There are obvious negative of effects of legalizing it, but there are also positive results of making it legal. On the viewpoint of a police officer, it will seem like a bad solution to a great problem. Yes, it will most likely increase the number of pot smokers, and yes it can lead to problems dealing with being under the influence of marijuana. However, why is alcohol legal? Of course too much can impair your judgement, and can cause reckless behavior, but then why even have it be legal? It is okay to keep it legal as long as it is in regulation. The same should be applied towards marijuana. Make certain legal limits on it, and it will be easier on police officers, and also on citizens. Legalizing marijuana can also benefit the people who need it for medical reasons. They do not have to become a criminal in performing illegal drug sales just to obtain it. There will be no more contr oversy towards them, and it is easier for them to get treated. As a habitual smoker, legalizing it can mean many benefits. Since marijuana is illegal, the cost to purchase it is very high. A high risk factor of getting into legal trouble means high prices. Legalizing it will make it more affordable, and in the end stop smokers from performing other crimes just to obtain enough money to support their habit. Individuals in the legal field will not have to waste time trying to prosecute people for selling or using marijuana. They can spend more time in putting away true criminals that are the real threat to society. In conclusion, it is a good idea to attempt legalizing marijuana and it will benefit greatly. ...

Causes of the French Revolution Essay

An illustration of this is in document figure 11 which has both —– and —– factors from a societal scientific discipline position. This papers shows the members of the national assembly who decided to take a base and vowed to non divide until they made a fundamental law subsequently known as the â€Å"Tennis Court Oath† . This papers truly shows the continuity the people of France had to do life every bit just for both the royals. provincials and everyone in between. As you now know there are many factors that led up to the Gallic Revolution and one of the biggest causes was economic crisis. While the royal household was happy holding banquets the people of France were hungering and many could hardly afford the monetary value of a four pool loaf of staff of life. In document figure 15 it shows how the monetary value of staff of life skyrocketed in merely a year’s clip and how much of a person’s income was spent on staff of life. Not merely was the monetary value hideous but it was the chief component in their diet so they could non travel without it. This papers is a secondary beginning and it shows both political and economic positions in a societal scientific discipline position. Another illustration of economic confusion is in document figure 10. In this papers it shows the fiscal jobs in France during 1789. The economic system was so unhealthy that non merely were the urban common mans in debt the male monarch besides was. When adding up the monetary value of nutrient. rent. tithe. revenue enhancements. and dressing it put the common mans at an amazing 170 % entire. and although it was a lesser sum the male monarch was besides in debt by a humongous 60 % . This papers has both political and economic points and even though it is a secondary beginning it truly makes you believe about how difficult it must hold been for the people to merely last. Throughout history there have been many people who wanted power. to be a leader and stand over others and demo that they are of a greater category. And to the people king Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were seeking to demo their laterality. Political positions have ever been a large portion of society and they were besides a immense subscriber to the start of the Gallic Revolution. Document figure one has a picture for both King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette which clearly shows that they are rich and powerful. As you look at Marie in this image you can see that she had no job paying a monetary value to look beautiful and Louis closet indicates that he has large luxuries and they love to demo it. This papers is a primary beginning and has political. economic. and cultural positions. Another great illustration for a political cause is document figure three. This papers non merely has a political position it besides shows economic. cultural. and psychologically positions in a primary beginning. It talks about the adversities a adult female and her hubby are confronting seeking to run into the demands of the royals. the papers states â€Å"The revenue enhancements and feudal dues are oppressing us. † What sent many people over the border was non being treated reasonably until they eventually snapped.

How Pulp Fiction can be read as postmodern Essay

How Pulp Fiction can be read as postmodern - Essay Example The term post-modernist, often used to refer to art and architecture, was applied to this film, and there was even a new word made specially to reflect this, namely â€Å"pulpmodernist.†1 The phrase pulp fiction refers to popular novels which are bought in large numbers by less well educated people and enjoyed for their entertainment value. The implication is that the film concerns topics of interest to this low culture, but as this essay will show, in fact the title is ironic and the film is a very intellectual presentation of issues at the heart of contemporary western culture and philosophy. Writing ten years before Tarantino made Pulp Fiction, the academic and critic Frederic Jameson identified some of the key features of postmodernism, and debated whether these were a true departure from modernism, or just a continuation of the same rebellious themes. His paper on postmodernism2 tends towards the latter view, but at the same time prophetically pinpointed the essential dep artures that postmodernism has made from what has gone before. Tarantino’s film does not continue the debate in an academic way, but instead presents a virtuoso visual performance of the ideas that Jameson could only dimly perceive. These ideas include pastiche, a crisis in historicity and a blurring of the distinction between high culture and low culture. One way that Tarantino uses pastiche is when he introduces very evocative settings, like for example the restaurant setting of Jackrabbit Slim’s Diner. The decor is flamboyantly 1950s style, which is not in keeping with the more modern setting of the main action in the film. The film set is exaggerated, with customers actually sitting in cars, and the waiters and waitresses dressed up as famous 1950s characters like Elvis Presley and Marylin Monroe. On another level the film plays with the cultural connections that the actor John Travolta has with the 1950s. The musical film Grease which is perhaps Travolta’s most famous film, takes place in this kind of setting. When Travolta’s character in Pulp Fiction encounters this scene, playing a much older character, and in a much more adult and violent film, it causes an ironic ripple. The audience makes an instinctive connection with what they know outside the film, and this explodes the usual time and action frame of film. In Pulp Fiction Vegas begins to dance and this again brings in a whole host of meanings related to the famous dance between Travolta and Olivia Newton John in Grease. In the later film, however, this is no innocent flirting between teenagers. The new context is a dangerous flirtation with the wife of a deadly killer, and both of the participants are adults who know the consequences of their actions. Critics have noted that this, also is ironic, quoting elements of older film styles: â€Å"The story of the flirtatious boss’s wife draws on established elements from the gangster genre, while her overdose provides an unexpected Gothic reference.†3 The trickle of dark blood from the pale body of Mia (Uma Thurma) is what recalls the Gothic horror genre. These evocative touches characterise Tarantino’s exuberant style. The scene where Vincent takes Mia to Jackrabbit Slim’s Diner and then home is therefore like a pastiche of Grease, and also of old gangster movies, and then also horror films, using exaggerated and deliberate quotation of key visual features to add new and unexpected layers of meaning to the story. This layering of images from earlier artistic works creates a pastiche with a particularly nostalgic affect. Jameson remarks that this is an