Java Game Programming, any future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Java Game Programming, any future - Essay Example The main feature of Java is that it is a platform independent language. The program can be written only once in Java and can be compiled in any operating system. To be simple it is write once, run anywhere. It is an object oriented, multithreaded programming language. (King 2000 ). Although a lot has been said about its exponential advancement rates, Java still remains to be a secondary language in field of game development. Legacy languages like C and C++ still remains to be the most preferred language for game developers. This is said in accordance with only considering desktop and playstation games, since they are the major players in the gaming industry. But, most of the mobile games that are used today are being developed in Java. One can find a number of games in the internet that are built using Java Applets. It can be used in developing interactive games in web as well as mobile phones. So this creates a conundrum of thoughts. The following research deals with this conundrum and aims to explain as to why Java is still not yet as successful as its predecessors and tries to list out the demerits that disable it from attaining that status. It also aims at explaining the future of Java in game development, which certainly looks promising provided, its disa dvantages are overcome. . (Marner, 2002) A game can be defined as software with the sole pur... (Marner, 2002) Games can be categorized based on the environment in which they run. They are basically classified into computer based, console based, web based and mobile based games. Current scenario in the market shows that Windows PC dominates the computer based category and Sony does the same in console categories. Since these two fields dominate the gaming world, the entire discussion is done considering only the above two technologies.(Mencher et al, 2004) Java - the language Before identifying the tools and technologies used with Java language, it is necessary to know few basic things about the language itself. First of all, it is based on Object Oriented Programming Concepts, commonly known as OOPS concepts. It involves higher abstraction level then C++ and provides more user flexibility. But still, it is far easier than C++ to learn. The important difference between these two languages is that in Java, there are no pointers and hence the learning and understanding is easier in Java. Basically, it consists of a Java platform, made up of two components; Java Virtual Machine and Java libraries. This platform instructs on how the Java program is run irrespective of the Operating System (OS) in which it is installed. The performance related issues that generally arise is due to the virtual machine. But with vast improvement in Java execution, several technologies have been developed which can be used in hand with the virtual environment. These include the H otSpot, Just-In-Time compilers and other embedded technologies. . (Marner, 2002) The current platform edition is Java SE 6 which has enhanced the user interface of application

How have the Gulf States used oil as their foreign policy tool (mainly Research Paper

How have the Gulf States used oil as their foreign policy tool (mainly the oil embargo of 1973)and how effective has it been - Research Paper Example Oil ministers agreed on an embargo that would see a gradual reduction in production in 5% increments over time until they had achieved their economic and political objectives; after Libya embargoed all oil shipments to the U.S., Saudi Arabia and all other Arab oil producing nations followed suit leading to the 1973 oil embargo that was equally extended to Western Europe and Japan. The onset of the 1973 oil crisis, when members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced an oil embargo led to high rises in the price of oil per barrel, from US$3 to nearly $12; the short and long term economic as well as political effects of the oil embargo left devastating impacts all over the world (Ross). Price increases were also imposed in the embargo to accelerate the fall in demand of the new lower level oil supply thereby triggering a market rise in the oil price from $3 to $ 12 per barrel; since the global financial system was already under pressure from the coll apsed Bretton Woods Agreement, recessions and high inflation kicked in and persisted up to the early 1980s and oil prices continued to rise until 1986. From the mid 1980’s to 2003, the inflation-adjusted price of a barrel of oil remained stable at around 25$ per barrel but rose dramatically from 2003 beyond $30 per barrel reaching a high of $60 per barrel in 2005 and its peak was $147.30 in 2008. Many factors have been attributable to these dramatic increases in the prices of oil including the depreciation of the U.S. dollar, subsequent reports of the declining oil reserves, the tension in the Middle East, as well as the heightened speculation over oil prices. Geo-political events as well as natural disasters that are indirectly linked to the global oil market have had a significant impact on oil prices; for instance, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and

Chemical Composition of the Cell: Questions and Answers

Chemical Composition of the Cell: Questions and Answers Chemical Composition Of The Cell Question: Which of the following are called second class proteins? A. Plant proteins B. Animal proteins C. Food proteins D. Milk proteins Answer : A Reason: Plant proteins are called secondary class proteins because they generally contain less of the essential amino acids Question: How proteins can be broken? A. Enzymes B. Digestive enzymes C. Amino acids D. Diet Answer : B Reason: Proteins can be broken down by digestive enzymes into smaller polypeptides, dipeptides and the amino acids. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (603) Question : Which of the following can found a keratin in it? I. Hair II. Nail III. Feather IV. Fibroin in silk A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : D Reason: The secondary structure is the regular arrangement of the polypeptide chain to form a helix or pleated sheet maintained by hydrogen bonds. Example are keratin found in hair, nails, horn, feather and fibroin in silk. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (604) Question : Where are lipids will insoluble? A. In water B. Outside water C. In organic solvents D. Chloroform Answer : A Reason: Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, either and chloroform. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (605) Question : How many main groups of lipids? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Answer : C Reason: The main groups of lipids are four. There are: i. Fats and oil (also know as triglycerides) ii. Phospholipids iii. Steroids iv. Waxes Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (606) Question : Which of the following are another name for â€Å"bad cholesterol†? A. DLD cholesterol B. LDL cholesterol C. Glycero D. Ester Answer : B Reason: A high intake of saturated fats and cholesterol would increase LDL cholesterol (â€Å"bad† cholesterol) levels in the blood. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (607) Question : Which of the following is a precursor of cholesterol? I. Bile salts II. Vitamin D III. Steroids hormones IV. Vitamin A A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : C Reason: Cholesterol is a component of cell membrane. It is precursor of bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (608) Question : Which of the following are formed by a phospholipids molecule? A. Condensation of glycerol molecule B. Other lipids C. Condensation of two glycerol D. Condensation of one glycerol Answer : D Reason: A phospholipid molecule is formed form condensation of one glycerol molecule with two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (609) Question : Which of the following are true about the similarities between unsaturated fats and saturated fats? I. Both are triglycerides II. They are formed from condensation of glycerol and fatty acids with removal of water III. Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces glycerol and fatty acids. IV. They function as an energy store and act as a source of energy for cellular metabolism A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : D Reason: The similarities between unsaturated fats and saturated fats are: i. Both are triglycerides ii. They are formed from condensation of glycerol and fatty acids with removal of water iii. Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces glycerol and fatty acids. iv. They function as an energy store and act as a source of energy for cellular metabolism. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (610) Question : Which of the following are secreted by the sebaceous gland? A. Sebum B. Cholesterol C. Phospholipids D. Lecithin Answer : A Reason: Sebum is a lipid secreted by the sebaceous gland Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (611) Question : What are esters of fatty acids with long-chain alcohols? A. Sebum B. Waxes C. Phospholipids D. Lecithin Answer : B Reason: Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long-chain alcohols Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (612) Question : Which of the followings also know as triglycerides? A. Steroids B. Fats and oils C. Phospholipids D. Lecithin Answer : B Reason: Fats and oils also knows as triglycerides Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (613) Question : What is the ration the hydrogen to oxygen? A. 1 : 2 B. 2 : 1 C. 2 : 2 D. 3 : 1 Answer : B Reason: Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen to oxygen ration is 2:1. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (614) Question : Which of the followings are the most common lipids? I. Fats II. Phospholipids III. Oils IV. Waxes A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : B Reason: Fats and oils are the most common lipids Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (615) Question : Which of the have a basic four interconnected ring hydrocarbon structure with different functional side chains? A. Fats and oils B. Phospholipids C. Waxes D. Steroids Answer : D Reason: Steroids have a basic four interconnected ring hydrocarbon structure with different functional side chains. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (616) Question : Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? A. All enzymes in living organisms have an optimum temperature of 37 °C. B. Enzymes increase the activation energy for the reactions they catalyse. C. Enzymes are denatured at 0 °C. D. Enzymes function as organic catalysts Answer : D Reason: The optimum temperature is the temperature at which the rate of reaction is at a maximum, which is about 35 40OC. Above the optimum temperature, the increased kinetic energy cause the chemical bonds, which hold the enzyme molecule in shape, to brake. For many organisms, the rate of reactions stops at 60OC due to complete denaturation of body enzymes. Enzymes function as organic catalysts Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (617) Question : The diagram shows the lock-and-key mechanism of enzyme action. Which of the following statements is correct? A. P is the key and Q is the lock B. Q is the lock and P is the key C. Q is the key and R is the lock D. R is the lock and Q is the key Answer : A Reason: The diagram shows the lock-and-key hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action. Substrate molecule P acts as the â€Å"key† and enzyme molecule Q acts as the â€Å"lock†. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (618) Question : The graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction controlled by enzyme catalase. Which is the correct line that continues the graph after 37 ºC? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : C Reason: The graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction controlled by enzyme catalase. For many organism, the rate of reaction stops at 60 ºC due to complete denaturation of body enzyme Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (619) Question : An experiment was carried out to show the effect of temperature on the action of pepsin. The table below shows the contents in test tubes M, N, O, P and the temperatures of the different solutions. The results obtained were then plotted as shown in the graph. The fixed variables are enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and volume of starch suspension. Which of the following graphs I, II, III or IV shows the results of the experiment obtained after 10 minutes? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: An experiment was carried out to show the effect of temperature on the action of pepsin. The table below shows the contents in test tubes I, II, III, IV and the temperatures of the different solutions. The results obtained were then plotted as shown in the graph. The fixed variables are enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and volume of starch suspension. The results shows of the experiment obtained after 10 minutes Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (620) Question : Where there is an excess of substrate, which graph represents the effect of increasing concentration of enzyme on the rate of reaction? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: Increasing enzyme concentration increases the number of active sites available to catalyse the chemical reaction. The rate reaction id directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme, as long as other factors (substrate, temperature and Ph) are not limiting. Where the substance concentration becomes the limiting factor (that is, substrate is in short supply), further increase in enzyme concentration will not increase the rate of reaction Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (621) Question : According to the lock and key hypothesis, which is the lock and the key for enzyme rennin? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: The lock and key mechanism propose that the substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme molecule in the same way that a key fits into a lock. The substrate represents the â€Å"key† and the enzyme, the â€Å"lock†. Rennin is used to coagulate milk proteins in cheese production. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (622) Question : Fresh pineapple juice contains the enzyme protease. A petri dish containing lactose-free milk agar is prepared. Four wells are made in the milk agar. Each well is filled with a different solution as shown in the diagram. The petri dish is incubated in an oven at 37 °C. Which wells are surrounded by a clear region after 3 hours? A. 1 and 4 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4 Answer : B Reason: Fresh pineapple juice contains the enzyme protease. A petri dish containing lactose-free milk agar is prepared. Four wells are made in the milk agar. Each well is filled with a different solution as shown in the diagram. The petri dish is incubated in an oven at 37 °C. Wells 2 and 3 are surrounded by a clear region after 3 hours. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (623) Question : Certain blue-green bacteria can live in hot springs because A. they remain in the cyst form B. the bacterial enzymes are denatured C. the bacterial enzymes have optimal temperatures of 70 °C or higher D. they have thick vesistant cell wall Answer : C Reason: Certain blue-green bacteria can live in hot springs because the bacterial enzymes have optimal temperatures of 70 °C or higher Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (624) Question : The diagram shows the mechanism of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Which of the molecules P, Q, R, or S represents the enzyme? A. P B. Q C. R D. S Answer : B Reason: The diagram shows the lock-and-key hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action. Substrate molecule P acts as the â€Å"key† and enzyme molecule Q acts as the â€Å"lock†. Molecule Q is the enzyme molecule Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (625) Question : The diagram shows the mechanism of enzyme action. Which property of enzyme is shown in the diagram? A. Enzyme structure is denatured by extremes of pH. B. Temperature affects the rate of enzyme reaction. C. Enzyme reaction is non-specific. D. Structure of enzyme remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Answer : D Reason: More extreme changed in pH not affect enzyme activity temporarily and the unchanged. The diagram above that structure of enzyme remains unchanged at the end of the reaction Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (626) Question : The active site of an enzyme is A. identical to its substrate B. identical to the active sites of other enzymes C. complementary to its substrate D. denatured at the end of a chemical reaction Answer : C Reason: The enzyme name is derived by adding the suffix ase at the end of the name of its substrate. Each enzyme has aprecise three dimensional shape with a groove called the active site that is complementary to its substrate Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (627) Question : Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to release oxygen and water. 2H2O2 > 2H2O + O2 Hydrogen peroxide is toxic if allowed to accumulate in the tissues. Tissues that are metabolically active produce more catalase. An experiment is set up as shown in the diagram. In which test tube would gas bubbles be released most rapidly? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : B Reason: In test tube B which have small chicken liver piece and 10cm3 hidrogen peroxide would gas bubbles be released most rapidly. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (628) Question : How many chemical components of carbohydrates in the cells? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Answer : A Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. There are four types of carbohydrates which are glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (629) Question : Which of the following are consequences of deficiency for cellulose? I. Muscles cannot contract II. Low levels of antibodies resulting in low immunity against diseases III. No coordination of cellular activities IV. Plasma membrane not formed A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : A Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (630) Question : Which of the following are type of chemical component that low rate of respiration? I. Glucose II. Starch III. Glycogen IV. Cellulose A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : A Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (631) Question : Which of the following cannot transport oxygen by red blood cells? A. Proteins B. Haemoglobin C. Membrane proteins D. Enzymes Answer : B Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (632) Question : Which of the following will decrease the respiratory rate in carbohydrates? A. Water B. Intercellular C. Energy D. Deficiency Answer : D Reason: Deficiency in carbohydrates will decrease the respiratory rate and insufficient energy is produces for cellular activities. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (633) Question : Which of the following are biochemical reactions in the cells proceeding at a rate? A. Lack of enzyme results B. Extracellular enzyme C. Intercellular enzymes D. Enzyme catalysed Answer : A Reason: Lack of enzymes results in biochemical reaction in the cells proceeding at a rate too slow to sustain life action. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (634) Question : Which of the following formation of plasma membranes? A. Deficiency in enzyme B. Deficiency in proteins C. Deficiency in lipids D. Deficiency in carbohydrates Answer : C Reason: Deficiency in lipids prevents formation of plasma membranes and absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (635) Question : Which of the following will cause stunted growth? A. Deficiency in enzyme B. Deficiency in proteins C. Deficiency in lipids D. Deficiency in carbohydrates Answer : B Reason: Deficiency in proteins will cause stunted growth Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (636) Question : Which of the following are the correct sequences of stages in interphase? A. G1 phase > G2 phase > S phase B. G1 phase > S phase > G2 phase C. S phase > G1 phase > G2 phase D. S phase > G2 phase > G1 phase Answer : B Reason: Interphase occurs before mitosis. The chromosomes are elongated, thin threads called chromatin. They are difficult to see under the light microscope. Interphase can be divided into 3 phases: G1 phase > S phase > G2 phase Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (637) Question : o The cell grows rapidly in size o There is high metabolic rate, synthesis of proteins and cellular organelles The processes above occur in which stage of interphase? A. M phase B. S phase C. G2 phase D. G1 phase Answer : D Reason: Interphase occurs before mitosis. The chromosomes are elongated, thin threads called chromatin. They are difficult to see under the light microscope. Interphase can be divided into 3 phases: G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase. G1 phase also known as growth phase I. G1 cells have high metabolic rate and synthesis of proteins and cellular organelles occurs. The G1 phase cell growth rapidly in size. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (638) Question : Which of the following is not true about cancer? A. It is caused by uncontrolled mitosis B. It may be caused by a mutation in a gene or genes C. It is a class of diseases characterised by benign tumours D. Exposure to ultraviolet light and X-rays may increase the risk of contracting cancer Answer : C Reason: Cancer is caused by uncontrolled mitosis. It may be caused by a mutation in a gene or genes. Benign tumours usually grow slowly and are not cancerous. They are localized lumps of cells and generally do not invade adjacent tissues or spread to other side. Exposure to ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation and X-rays may increase the risk of contracting cancer. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (639) Question : Which of the following statements is not true? A. Mitosis produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other B. Cytokinesis is the synthesis of new cytoplasm C. Clones are genetically identical cells D. Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes Answer : B Reason: Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (640) Question : How many cells are produced by a zygote which undergoes a series of six mitotic divisions? A. 6 B. 12 C. 32 D. 64 Answer : D Reason: The mitotic phase (M phase) includes mitosis and cytokinesis. During mitosis, the nucleus, containing the duplicated chromosomes, divided to form two daughter nuclei. During crytokinesis the cell crytoplasm divides into two. Cell division occurs that is, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell then enters into interphase. 64 cells are produced by a zygote which undergoes a series of six mitotic divisions Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (641) Question : An animal somatic cell has a diploid number of 24 chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in a sperm and a liver cell of the same animal? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : B Reason: An animal somatic cell has a diploid number of 24 chromosomes. In a sperm have 12 chromosomes and a 24 liver cell of the same animal Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (642) Question : The bar chart shows the amount of DNA present in a somatic cell of an animal at different stages of mitosis. How many DNA units would be present in the nucleus of one cell of this animal at the end of the first meiotic division? A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 Answer : B Reason: Mitosis is a continuous process. However, for purpose of discussion, it usually divided into four main stages. There are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Telophase are the two sets of chromosomes have separated and have reached the opposite poles of the cell. So, the bar chart shows the amount of DNA present in a somatic cell of an animal at different stages of mitosis. Two DNA units would be present in the nucleus of one cell of this animal at the end of the first meiotic division Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (643) Question : The diagram represents the life cycle of a flowering plant. At which stage does mitosis occur? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: The diagram represents the life cycle of a flowering plant. Mitosis occur from zygote to flowering plants. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (644) Question : The diagram shows movements within a cell during mitosis. What do the three curves represent? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : B Reason: In the metaphase in plant cell, the centromeres of most plants do not have a pair of centrioles poles of the spindle fibre. The centromeres of the chromosomes and the poles of the spindle fibres. Each chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids is attracted by the centromere to a spindle fibre. At the end of metaphase, each centromere divides into two. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (645) Question : Which of the following are the similarities between mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells? I. the cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase II. have a pair of centrioles within their centrosomes III. Occurs in certain types IV. centrosomes of most do not have a pair of centrioles A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, III and IV Answer : A Reason: The similarities between mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells are: i. Both animal and plant cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase ii. Each parent cell divides once to produce two daughter iii. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and are genetically identical to the parent cell. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (646) Question : The diagram shows a chromosome after DNA replication. Which of the following are consist of it? I. two sister chromatids II. centromere III. one chromatid IV. Chromatin A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : C Reason: The diagram shows a chromosome after DNA replication seen during prophase. It is seen to consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Sister chromatids and centromere are in one chromatid Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (647) Question : Which of the following is not a difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : A Reason :3 Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (648) Question : A dye commonly used to stain chromosomes in cells of onion root meristems is A. eosin B. aceto-orcein C. iodine D. methylene blue Answer : B Reason: A dye commonly used to stain chromosomes in cells of onion root meristems is aceto-orcein Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (649) Question : The diagram shows a chromosome at Prophase I, meiosis. What are structures P and Q? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : A Reason: The diagram shows a chromosome at Prophase I in meiosis It is seen to consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (650) Question : The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Where does meiosis occur in the flower? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 3 and 4 only Answer : C Reason: The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Meiosis occur in the flower are at pollen mother cells and embryo sac mother cell. Pollen mother cells in the another undergo meiosis to produce microspores that develop into pollen grains. The embryo sac mother cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspore, one of which is the origin of the egg cell Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (651) Question : Which of the following is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : A Reason: Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (652) Question : Which of the following are true about interphase? I. occurs before Meiosis I II. cell size is increases III. replication of DNA occurs IV. the centrioles replicate A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : D Reason: Interphase are: i. Occurs before Meiosis I ii. The cell increase in size iii. Replication of DNA occurs.There is duplication of chromosomes iv. The centrioles replicate Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (653) Question : What is an example of polyploidy? A. Fertilisation B. Meiosis C. The tetraploid condition D. Mitosis Answer : C Reason: The tetraploid condition is an example of polyploidy. Polyploidy is the condition where organisms have more than a diploid number of chromosomes Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (654) Question : Which of the following are rare in animal? A. Polypoidy B. Polyploidy C. Haploid D. Mitosis Answer : B Reason: Polyploidy cannot be sustained and is rare in animal. Offspring are usually not viable and are aborted. Hence, it is very important to maintain the diploid chromosomal number from generation to generation to support life. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (655) Question : Which of the following are types of cells undergo meiosis? I. In the human testis II. In the human ovary III. In flowering plant IV. In fruit plant A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : C Reason: There are three types of cells undergo meiosis. There are in the human testis (the male reproductive organ that produce sperm), in the human ovary (the female reproductive organ that produce ova) and in flowering plants Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (656) Question : How many haploids sets of chromosomes are created? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Answer : B Reason: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, elongate and become long, thin chromaytin threads again. Two haploids sets of chromosomes are created Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (657) Question : Which of the following is as chiasmata? A. Meiosis occurs B. Mitosis occurs C. Crossing-over occurs D. Polyploidy occurs Answer : C Reason: Crossing-over occurs. There is exchange of segments of genetic material between non sister chromatids within a pair of homologous chromosomes. Crossing-over at site knows as chiasmata Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (658) Question : Which of the following are called a tetrad?

Essay --

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction One of the most common ways for a firm to operate or finances its assets is capital structure. Capital structures refer as a combination of equity, debt and hybrid securities that used in the firm operation. In a perfect market, transaction or bankruptcy cost, inefficient information and taxes will not exist. Therefore, Modigliani and Miller created a theory of capital structure in a perfect market. The use of capital structure is important as it affect the firm profitability. Financial decision of a business organization becomes one of the important decisions that normally will represent by capital structure. Musiega, et al. (2013) claimed that choosing an appropriate capital structure will benefit the firm as it help a firm to adapt with various challenging and competitive business world thereby become more profitability. According to Zeitun and Tian (2007), managers who are able to identify the optimal capital structure will help the companies to increase the firm revenue or profitability and reduce the firm’s cost of finance. Nutshell, capital structure of a firm can influence a firm profitability; a firm health determined by a firm capital structure. By analyzing the choice of firm’s capital structure, financial behavior of a firm can be explained by the pecking order theory and the trade off theory (Ana, Dragan & Monica, 2012). Both of this theory provides a different relationship between the capital structure and profitability. Based on the study of Zabri (2012), the pecking order theory provide a negative impact of profitability on leverage while the trade-off theory provide a positive relationship between the capital structure and profitability. There are some of the findings... ...o investigate the relationship between the capital structure and profitability of firm. In order to have clearer and accurate evidence on the relationship between the capital structure and profitability, 24 of public listed companies in Sarawak Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE), Malaysia are chosen to test it. All the financial statement for 24 companies will record accurate and correctly in order to create an accurate test or relationship. The introduction of the research proposal will be discussed in chapter 1. In chapter 2, literature review will be discussed on various views of previous researches which relate to our topic. Research methodology and the data collection will be present in chapter 3 while chapter 4 will discuss about the result and discussion on the result. A conclusion and policy implication will be discussed in the final chapter of this study.

The Popularity of Fast Food Restaurants

Why are fast food restaurants so popular? That question in now very popular. Some people around the world still don’t understand why the fast food restaurants are still popular, despite the eventual inconveniences mentioned daily. I think that fast food restaurants are popular because of their availability, they avoid cooking, and because of their prices. One of the causes of the popularity of fast food restaurants is their availability. Indeed, people can find fast food restaurants everywhere.Nowadays, those restaurants are built on the main streets, in business buildings and in the neighborhood in order to allow a quick access to their clients. For example, there is a fast food restaurant at North Lake College. Whether I like or not, it’s the nearest restaurant that I can find when I have a break. Therefore, I will obviously go there to grab something for not being hungry during the coming classes. Consequently, the availability is on the cause of the popularity of fa st food restaurants.Another cause of the popularity of fast food restaurants is that they allow us not to cook. Indeed, some people may be very busy by their job, a project or a school program, which does not allow them enough time to cook. Therefore, they will be tempted by an easier choice, which is the fast food restaurant. Why? Simply because the fast food restaurants are faster than normal restaurants, so they allow people to spend more time on their job, or projects. In addition, some people do not know how to cook.Therefore, these restaurants are help for them. Furthermore, you can find different menus in these restaurants, which give a large choice of foods to the clients. Consequently, the fast food restaurants are popular because they allow people to avoid cooking. A last cause of the popularity of fast food restaurants is the price. As you know, the fast food restaurants are the cheapest you can find. Not everybody has the opportunity, or the money to afford for a lunch i n a restaurant. Therefore, people prefer to spend their money in fast foods.In addition, in order to save, some people are more tempted to buy fast foods than to eat in restaurants. Consequently, the price is another of the popularity of the fast food restaurants. In conclusion, the fast food restaurants may be popular because of their availability, they avoid cooking, and because of their prices. Being available everywhere, allowing people to avoid some household tasks, and even allowing them to save money are some of the reasons that make the fast food restaurants very popular.

Cohesion and Discipline of the Party in Government

Parties matter in part because they influence the actions of elected officials. But scholars also note that lawmakers from the same party may not vote together. Party cohesion has varied over time – sometimes party members stick together on many key votes, at other times they are no more likely to vote with fellow party members than with the opposition. Parties have various means at their disposal to encourage members to cooperate in achieving a party program. Sometimes these tools are sufficiently compelling that individual members may back the party program at the expense of their constituents' interest.However the case is quite different in European Parliamentary systems of government where party cohesion is essential for the implementing of government policies that the party in power wishes to impose. Although party cohesion in American government has risen because of intraparty heterogeneity and the realignment of the South (Hetherington and Larson), the party discipline and unity is not nearly as cohesive as those found in Parliamentary systems. This is in large part due to the fact that the tools of the party leaders in each system are different.In Parliamentary systems, because the risk of not voting in terms of party could lead to the collapse of the present regime and government system, party leaders tend to have more effective tools at their disposal to use in encouraging party cohesion/discipline. Party discipline or cohesion  is the ability of a  political party  to get its members to support the policies of their party leadership. Party discipline is essential for all systems of  government  that allow parties to hold  political power  because it determines the degree to which the governmental organization will be affected by the political processes.Party cohesion is closely related to party discipline (Aldrich). Distinctly, however, it is essentially â€Å"coordinated† behavior reflecting the interacting incentives of individual legislators, whereas party discipline is the outcome of a strategic game played within political parties, in which legislators who are party members respond to rewards and punishments determined by some internal party decision-making regime. In political systems other than American presidential democratic system, straying from the party lines can result in the fine and/or expulsion of members such as in the  People's Republic of China (Aldrich).Party discipline tends to be extremely strong in  Parliamentary systems such as in  European countries in which a vote by the legislature against their party is understood to cause the governmental â€Å"collapse† of the present regime (Huber). In these situations, it is extremely rare for a member to vote against the wishes of their party. Party leaders in such governments often have the authority to expel members of the party who violate the party line.Weak party discipline is usually more frequent in congressional s ystems  such as the  United States Congress where power within in the party is more democratic than the authoritarian system seen in parliamentary governments, with leaders dictating order to the members to follow suit. In these American legislatures, it is routine for members to cross party lines on a given vote, typically following the interests of their region (constituents) or following other members of a borderline group within their party.In America the risk is not that high, with party disagreement just results in the upsetting of the party elites without true damaging costs except for the withdrawal of their support. Party cohesion and party discipline are very distinctive under parliamentary government, where a lack of cohesion and/or indiscipline among parliamentarians belonging to government parties may jeopardize the very existence of the government. Certainly from the perspective of making and breaking governments, levels of party discipline are very high in Europea n parliamentary democracies.There are very few examples indeed of parties that have been â€Å"half-in, half-out† of government, in the sense that legislators from the same government party have voted in different ways on key legislative motions of confidence and/or investiture. In this sense parties do go into and come out of government in a unified manner. In the American democracy, this just isn’t the case. Politicians have more allegiance to their regions and constituents than to their party. Because of the way the nomination system works. Party nominations no longer rest in the hands of party elites but in those of the public.Thus it’s better for one’s political career to appeal to the public and not to party. According to other scholars enhance this opinion by adding â€Å"the main influence of party discipline is not on the votes on specific roll calls but on the choice ideologically of the party† (McCarty, Poole and Rosenthal). This suggest s that members will vote in line with their ideals rather than their leadership. To come to this conclusion they observed changing patterns of roll call voting among party-switchers and inferred that legislators appear o coordinate on roll calls because they change policy preferences to reflect those of their parties. Thus the question becomes, why do members of political parties even bother to behave in cohesive manners? Political scientists and elites have attributed this behavior to a trinity of solutions. Electoral incentives for legislators that arise from the value of a party label, strategic incentives within the legislature that reward legislators who behave in a coordinated fashion, and the ability of party leaders to implement a system of rewards and punishments are all attributed reasons (Hix and Simon).Political scientists argue that electoral incentives might generate emergent party cohesion. By creating a type or brand that politicos can blanket themselves under in ord er for voters to infer information about candidates in elections. Recognized legislators join political parties to signal policy positions to voters, doing this so long as it increases their chances of election or re-election. Voters make inferences about candidates’ policy preferences only by observing their party membership.Identifying candidates with their party and ignoring what candidates might actually say about their own policy preferences. Candidates in these models do have underlying policy preferences and thus prefer to join parties comprising like-minded colleagues (Krehbiel). This is because the party policy positions that are part of the brand with which each member is associated are influenced by the positions of all party members.In this system it benefits a candidate to vote along party lines in order to be associated with a specific regime policies, outcomes, and therefore successes. Party membership involves costs that arise from this incentive. There are co sts arising from associating with a party label indicating a unique policy position that differs from the ideal point of the member – and of being associated with a party that will actually implement this position if it is in a position to do so(Snyder and Ting).Since the primary focus of this type of work is on the electoral phase of the political game, and despite occasional references to â€Å"party discipline†, this approach involves no explicit model of intraparty politics– except for the assumption that the party policy platform is chosen by either a dictatorial leader or simple majority voting by party members (Snyder and Ting). In addition, this incentive assumes that politicians are allowed to join, and to remain within, any party they choose. The only â€Å"filter† on party entry in such odels is party policy itself which, combined with the deadweight costs of party membership, discourages legislators with very divergent policy positions from jo ining the party (Snyder and Ting 2002: 95) This means that the underlying process being modeled is a type of sorting or the partitioning of voters between parties, but the logical engine of this model could also be applied to explain the sorting of politicians between parties on the assumptions that party positions are some function of the positions of party members and that politicians want to affiliate to the party with the closest position.While this large body of work gives us useful intuitions about electoral incentives for legislators to affiliate to parties, the main lesson is that electoral incentives may well make a party label a valuable commodity. Thus, if a party’s decision-making regime can intensely threaten to withdraw the party label from party legislators if they fail to abide by party decisions about legislative behavior, then this will make those decisions easier to enforce.On this perspective, party discipline is about legislators responding to explicit or implicit threats by party leaders to impose electoral costs by withdrawing the party label, by casting votes in otherwise costly compliance with party policy. The resources party leaders in both parliamentary and US federal government and parliamentary government context can deploy to structure the incentives of legislatures in a way that ensures party discipline include control over electorally valuable party labels (party identity) and control over sought-after perquisites in the legislature.However, this incentive structure has an important new dimension under parliamentary government, arising from the fact that the legislature typically functions as a recruitment pool for the executive, and political ambition of its members are at the forefront. In Parliamentary governmental system, party leaders have the tools at their disposal to make or break candidates if they dissent, because the stakes are so high. If government parties cannot maintain firm party discipline, then they can not retain a secure hold upon office.When legislative parties do move into government, control over the allocation of important government jobs, whether these are cabinet or junior ministries or other key patronage appointments, typically rests in the hands of a very small number of senior party politicians, who can and do use these offices to reward loyal party members and who can and do punish mavericks by denying them the rewards of office. However, in American politics party leaders do not have the authority to simply dismiss a candidate.They may only throw their endorsement or support candidates with funds and become â€Å"king makers†. It is unrealistic to think that Nancy Pelosi can tell a conservative democrat to go away. She can allow withhold resources (money and her name recognition support). But this won’t be enough if the candidates’ constituents carry him through to victory. Legislative incentives also coexist which derives from improved expectatio ns in relation to a range of legislative payoffs that accrue to legislators who belong to larger rather than smaller cartels or coalitions of legislators.A large part of the relevant literature has been concerned with the role of party in the US Congress, and how the main concern of those elected is to pass legislature and having a single legislative party commands a majority position. The main legislative resource is the ability to capture a majority coalition of legislators. This is achieved by controlling the allocation between legislators of agenda setting legislative offices, such as committee chairs.On this argument, the power to make such allocations is delegated by party members to the party hierarchy, which can use this power to enhance party discipline, which in turn feeds back to enhance the value of the party label in the electoral game. This is important because the legislature is the main political arena in which legislators seek to fulfill their objectives, policy and otherwise. US parties impose discipline on their members by manipulating scarce agenda-control resources is in contrast an alternative influential argument, ( Krehbiel (1993, 1998).This holds that what looks like legislative party discipline is an essentially emergent phenomenon. US legislators choose which party to affiliate to on the basis of their intrinsic policy preferences – in effect joining a party of like-minded individuals and then quite voluntarily behaving in the same way as these on the floor of the House without the need for any â€Å"externally† imposed party effect. Legislators are voting the same way because they like the same policies, or because they are responding to the same non-policy incentive structure put in place by the party hierarchy.There are two roll calls put in place to ensure this outcome (Snyder and Groseclose). On one hand there are â€Å"lop sided† roll calls. In which first, legislators will treat these as a forgone conclusi on and, second, that party leaders will see them as offering no rationale for the (by assumption costly) deployment of party discipline. On the other hand there are â€Å"close† roll calls, for which coordinated legislator behavior makes the difference between winning and losing. There is strong evidence suggesting that the â€Å"party effect† is much higher for close than for lop-sided roll calls.They infer from this that US parties can and do influence the behavior of their legislative members when this makes a real difference, and do not attempt to do so when it does not. Cohesion seems to be closest when the party leadership has publicly identified as a priority, and find much more of a party effect on these than on issues that are not party priorities. Party cohesion in parliamentary government is important to the proper function of government because it essentially in lamest terms â€Å"makes or breaks government†.Under the constitutional regime of parliam entary government, that is pervasive in Europe, almost certainly the most important role for the legislature arises from the fact that the executive gains and retains office as long as it maintains the confidence of the legislature. This requirement is constitutionally manifested in the parliamentary vote of confidence/no confidence in the government (Huber 1996; Lijphart 1992, 1999). The executive under parliamentary government, furthermore, the â€Å"cabinet† of ministers bound together under the constitutionally embedded rule of collective cabinet responsibility.The stability and effectiveness of the government thus depends upon the ability of government parties to maintain disciplined behavior by party legislators. Effective party discipline means that a government is not defeated – either on votes of confidence/no confidence or on key pieces of legislation – because some legislators who belong to government parties vote against the government. Thus, while t he vote of no confidence is the constitutional foundation of parliamentary government, the behavioral foundation can be seen as party discipline.If the government parties maintain firm discipline on the part of their legislators, and if they control sufficient legislative support to take office in the first place, then they can maintain themselves in office, with firm control over the entire political process and facing few legislative impediments to the implementation of their policy and other objectives. Conversely, if government parties cannot maintain firm party discipline, then they cannot retain a secure hold upon office. The key point in all of his concerns the huge incentive in a parliamentary government system for senior party politicians – who themselves will often be members of the government – to maintain firm discipline over the members of their party. What is so striking about incentives for party cohesion and discipline under parliamentary government, as opposed to presidential government, is that these incentives cast the role of party leaders in a completely new light. â€Å"Party leaders† tend to play explicit and implicit roles. Party leaders tend to be seen as managers who essentially offer coordination and enforcement services to party members.As agents of their party, such party leaders have incentives to shirk. Imposing party discipline, by whatever means, is thus the fulfillment of obligation The reason such models of party discipline can look bizarre and unrealistic in the context of parliamentary government is that an â€Å"agency/expensive-discipline† model of party leadership (Cox McCubbins) seems implausible in a constitutional environment where party leaders are senior politicians who are the key players in a series of interlocking at the essence of the political process.Not only do party leaders make the really key decisions – about making and breaking governments, elections, but they also enjoy the benefits of office when this is achieved – whether these are perquisites such as the hefty check, the government jet, or the ministerial Mercedes, or opportunities to shift policy outputs in preferred directions as a result of controlling vetoes and agendas. In a nutshell, maintaining tight party discipline is highly incentive compatible for party leaders under parliamentary democracy.Indeed it is difficult to think of reasons why party leaders in a parliamentary government system would not want to maintain tight party discipline. Except in the matter of a voting on a highly divisive, sensitive, and cross-cutting issue, such as gay marriage or stem cell research for which it is against party interests to be identified with a single unambiguous position – then a legislative â€Å"free vote† can be declared on the matter and legislators can be allowed to vote with their â€Å"consciences†. But the orderly ability to switch free votes on and off is an i ndicator of firm party control over the behavior of party legislators (Aldrich).Parties are institutions in their own right. They are endogenous institutions, but parliamentary governmental parties are more deeply embedded into the constitutional rules of the political game of parliamentary government than a mere behavioral coalition of legislators. They are â€Å"political clubs† with their own set of rules to abide by. They are guided by their own system of rewards and punishment. In parliamentary government, membership of the party is completely dependent on the party label and the incentive of legislatives to be associated with the party brand or label. Cohesion and coordinated voting produce this benefit.In which individual members have an incentive to take part in coordinated behavior if they can get away with doing so. As mentioned before, if members choose not to act in this fashion, they can be exiled from the party and thereby denied access to the party label. Actin g in accordance to party can result in the placement of one’s name on the party ballot. Parties have the right to endorse particular candidates as official party candidates. Under the list-Proportional Representation electoral systems that are very common in parliamentary democracies, parties absolutely control access to and candidate placement on the party list.Therefore, parties in parliamentary democracies directly control access to the party label on the ballot. If denied this, a putative candidate must be admitted to and endorsed by another party, or must form a new party, or must run as an independent. In addition, access to legislative perquisites, whether these are physical office accommodation, speaking time on the floor of the house (perhaps to impress constituents at the next election), or paid positions with access to considerable resources, such as committee chairs.There are thus plenty of opportunities for party hierarchs to reward and punish individual legislat ive party members as they go about their daily lives. No doubt in the U. S. A. the movement towards the establishment of a disciplined and responsible party system is largely confined to the academic world. In the presidential system in US government rewards and punishment do indeed exist but not on the same level as in the parliamentary government (Cox and McCubbins). Party elites cannot simply cast away political hopefuls directly due to the constitution and the format of the political system.Power is not solely in the hands of elites, but the major American parties, national and state, are not based on mass memberships. â€Å"Only here and there in the United States are attempts made to fix a large-scale party membership on a regular dues-paying basis and thus to correspond to the European parliamentary scale (Jackson Moselle). † Party cohesion is absent even among the party workers and all the discipline that exists among party organizers before elections ceases to exist after elections. The problem stems from American attitudes about party.Most Americans identify themselves with a particular party but do not feel that they are obliged thereby to work actively for that party’s nominees (Laver). Anyone can legally qualify himself as a party member just by going through some registration procedure. Unlike the parliamentary system where you must pledge party allegiance before even having one’s name considered on the ballot. No state demands work on behalf of a party’s candidates or contributions to its campaign funds as prerequisites for becoming a legal party member (Giannetti and Laver).Structure of the American party has impact on party cohesion. The party structure in America consists of â€Å"a hierarchy of permanent party committees from precinct to national committee†. The National Committee which stands at the apex is made up of one man and one woman from each of the states picked by some kind of machinery within its State organization. The seemingly hierarchical structure does not produce party cohesion for power is decentralized and each unit is independent and needs not approval form the others.For example, the Chairman of the County Committee does not depend for his post on the State Committee and the latter hardly depends for its tenure or powers on the National Committee. To add to decentralization of power is the absence of uniformity in structure. The most striking feature in the party organization in the U. S. A. is that it is regulated by State laws while in all other democracies party structure is determined by the party itself. Diversity in State laws regarding party organizations naturally does not give scope for political discipline for the parties in America.In addition, primaries took the power of selection away from a band of leaders and activists and placed in by law in the hands of the voters. Unlike in Parliamentary systems where the local party organization selects the cand idates, the national party organization is finally obeyed. V. O. Key express the view that â€Å"by the adoption of the direct primary the organization was stripped of its most important function, that of nomination†. Every political party has two divisions, the organizational and legislative, and party discipline is as essential in the latter as in the former.If party cohesion is judged on the basis of the roll-call vote and the frequency with which members of a party differ among themselves, the index of cohesion in U. S. A. may be said to be very low. â€Å"The relatively low cohesion among Republican and among Democratic Congressmen† is mainly due to the non- parliamentary system of Government. The Congressman in U. S. A. need have no fear that division in the ranks of the party will lead to the dissolution of the legislature unlike in the Parliamentary system. So the significant feature with the roll-call vote in the American Congress is the absence of party cohes ion.Each of the two parties is divided into several factions and the factions in the two parties join or oppose one another irrespective of party labels, depending on the issue put for voting (Krehbiel). The decentralized structure of the parties makes a member depend for his success in elections more on his constituency than on his party. However, party cohesion in American government is not nonexistent, even though it is not as strong as those under the parliamentary democracies system. Each party selects a floor leader, whips and a Caucus Chairman creating a somewhat centralized structure that in practice increase party cohesion.Commonly, the party groups cohere more tightly on some party dividing issues than on others. For example 4,658 members of the House in 11 selected modern sessions only 181 or less than 41 per cent voted with the opposing party more often than with their own. The proportion was slightly higher in the Senate. Out of 847 senators in 9 sessions, 63 percent se cured their parties on a majority of the votes. (Jackson and Moselle)† For there is a tendency for most Republicans to be in voting opposition to most Democrats on controversial issues, showing strong party discipline.Indeed, American party cohesion is on the up rise. Realignment of the South played a role as the South has consistently voted conservatively since the Nixon years (Hetherington and Larson). Another key piece is the ideological differences among the two major parties (Democrats and Republicans) are greater today than they have been in years pass. Scholars have noted that the more ideologically extreme, the higher the cohesion. As parties have more interparty heterogeneity, each party has developed more intraparty homogeneity, which has given rise to roll-call voting (Hetherington and Larson).Strong party leaders also play a role in this phenomenon. Members in each party endow their respective party leaders with powers to advance the policy agenda. Ideological unit y in the 1970s with House Democrats, cause them to place the Rules Committee under the control of party leaders. Thus giving the house Democratic Caucus more power to oust wayward committee chairs who stood in the progress of the party’s initiatives. Demonstrating, American parties have been adjusting to their weak party model, and adapting in a way to influence party cohesive as exhibited so strongly in the American government.It is the clear consensus that Parliamentary government is indeed stronger in party discipline and cohesiveness than its American presidential system counterparts. The main reason for this phenomenon rests in the power of the political elites in each party system and the tools the system provides for their disposal-party label, patronage, etc.. In American politics, elites can only indirectly influence party-line voting as granted to the present political system. However, in parliamentary government, elites directly have the authority to dismiss or ele vate the position of their members, thus encouraging party cohesion.Bibliography Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cox,Gary, and Mathew McCubbins 1993. Legislative Leviathan. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cox, Gary, and Mathew McCubbins. 2005. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the US House of Representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming. Gallagher, Michael, Michael Laver and Peter Mair. 2005. Representative Government in Modern Giannetti, Daniela and Michael Laver. 2005. Policy positions and jobs in the government.European Journal of Political Research. 44: 1-30. Hetherington and Larson. Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America. 11th edition. 2009 Hix, Simon. 2001. Legislative behaviour and party competition in the European Parliament: an application of Nominate to the EU. Journal of Common Market Studies 39:4 (November 20 01), 663-688 Huber, John. 1996. Rationalizing parliament: legislative institutions and party politics in France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Matthew O. and Boaz Moselle. 2002. Coalition and Party Formation in a Legislative Voting Game Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 103, No. 1, pp 49-87.Kollman, Ken, John Miller and Scott Page. 1992. Adaptive parties in spatial elections. American Krehbiel, Keith. 1993. â€Å"Where’s the Party? † British Journal of Political Science 23 (1): 235–6 Political Science Review. 86 (December) 929-937. Laver, Michael. 2005. Policy and the dynamics of political competition. American Political Science Review, forthcoming. Snyder, James M. , Jr. , and Tim Groseclose. 2001. â€Å"Estimating Party Influence on Roll Call Voting: Regression Coefficients versus Classification Success † American Political Science Review. Vol. 95, No. 3, 689-698 V. O. Key:  Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups. p. 12.

Health care organizations essay

Health care organizations essay Health care organizations essay Health care organizations essayThe improvement of the quality of inpatient care is one of the primary concerns of any health care organizations because the quality of inpatient care determines, to a significant extent, the public health in the area, where health care organizations are located. Moreover, the quality of inpatient care has a considerable impact on the health and well-being of patients with chronic health problems. In this regard health care organizations providing health care services for veterans face particularly significant problems because they work with patients, who have serious health problems along with chronic health issues that have a considerable impact on their quality of living. At this point, it is possible to refer to the case of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers, which face considerable problems caused by the patient flow and discharge process. To put it more precisely, the patient overload leads to the inability of Medical Cente rs to provide health care services for all patients and maintain the quality of health care services to the full extent. In such a situation, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers are often forced to provide the basic inpatient care and transfer patients to the ambulatory treatment and rehabilitation to enroll all patients, who need inpatient care. Therefore, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers apparently face the urgent need to conduct profound changes to complete the discharge process successfully and manage the patient flow effectively. Otherwise, they will be unable to meet emerging needs of their clients in health care services and inpatient care.The problem of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers is the patient flow/discharge process. In fact, the problem has emerged under the impact of several factors, such as growing health care costs, the increasing number of patients, the emergence of health problems and chr onic illnesses which accompany the aging of the target population of Medical Centers. As patients grow older and the number of patients increases, their health care needs increase too, while the capacity of Medical Centers and their personnel remain unchanged. As a result, Medical Centers turn out to be incapable to treat all inpatients and need either to offer them ambulatory treatment or reduce the time they spend on the treatment of each patient to provide health care services for all patients. Hence, the problem of the patient flow became the major challenge for the stable and successful performance of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers. The gap between the capacity of Medical Centers and the number of inpatients and patients that require the inpatient care is obvious. Another aspect of this problem is the increasing number of health problems patients of Medical Centers face because, as they grow older, they have more and more health problems. In this reg ard, the lack of health care services or the low quality of health care services aggravate the situation even more since patients develop new health care problems or aggravate their chronic conditions. Therefore, if Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers fail to resolve the problem of the patient flow and the discharge process, the problem will grow more and more serious and new problems will emerge.The current problem of the patient flow and discharge process is a serious challenge for Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers because Medical Centers come unprepared to match the growing demand on health care services. Instead, they need the change that will help them to tackle the problem of the patient flow and discharge process. Medical Centers need substantial resources to match the growing demand. At the same time, the change of the patient flow and management of Medical Centers can help to optimize their performance and provide health care services for inpatients. The resolution of the problem requires consistent changes in the performance of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers and their management.However, to conduct the change successfully, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers should conduct the detailed analysis of its internal strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats (Viardot, 2001). In this regard, it is possible to apply SWOT analysis to evaluate accurately the current position of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers and their potential. The SWOT analysis helps to determine which weaknesses Medical Centers have to eliminate and what strengths they can use to maximize the effectiveness of their performance.At the moment, the major strength of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers is the coordination of their performance that means that they interact with each other effectively focusing on their specific ar ea. As a result, Medical Centers focus on the specific target population that helps to balance the delivery of health care services to veterans. Another strength of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers is the focus on the specific patient group, veterans. Medical Centers provide health care services for veterans and have extensive experience in this field. In this regard, the modern equipment and employment of well-qualified professionals comprises another important strength of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers because the modern equipment and well-qualified professionals create conditions for the delivery of health care services of the high quality.On the other hand, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers face a number of weaknesses which interfere in Medical Centers’ performance and deteriorate outcomes of their inpatient care. First of all, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers face the problem of the limited capacity to provide beds and health care services for inpatients. As a result, Medical Centers cannot increase the number of beds provided for patients that raises the question of the effectiveness of their performance in the situation, when the number of patients increases and their demands for health care services grow too. Another weakness of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers is the discharge process, which raises the problem of the discharge of patients, who still need the inpatient care and patients need the support of health care professionals on the regular basis. Moreover, one of the major problems of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers is the limited financial resources available to them. The financial weakness of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers is determined by the growing costs of health care services, while patients of Medical Centers cannot always cover their health care s ervices and health insurance. The large part of health care costs is covered by the government-sponsored programs but, in the time of the economic decline and slow recovery of the US economy.Nevertheless, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers have considerable opportunities to enroll the target population with various health problems. Medical Centers can provide for veterans, who suffer from serious health problems and need health care services. In addition, Medical Centers can expand their health care services to meet growing demands of veterans. Veterans’ demands require new health care services since their health condition deteriorates (Pinkerton, 2000). Therefore, Medical Centers can provide health care services of the high quality to all patients due to the high qualifications of professionals working in those centers and modern equipment that provides large opportunities for the delivery of health care services of the high quality.However, Medical C enters still face problems that expose them to numerous threats. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the threat of the failure of Medical Centers to meet demands of patients. The work overload can undermine the effectiveness of the performance of professionals working in Medical Centers. In such a situation, other health care organizations can attract patients of Medical Centers. As a result, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers may lose their patients that will put under a question their survival and further development. On the other hand, such a threat is rather hypothetical than real because Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers can offer health care services of the high quality and have a considerable medical potential to be eliminated in face of the growing competition from other, more effective health care organizations. In this regard, a more real threat is the consistent deterioration of the quality of health care services that m ay lead to the deterioration of the quality of living of patients of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers. If Medical Centers cannot provide health care services of the high quality, they will be doomed to cut their health care services or discharge patients before their full recovery or before their health reaches the recommended condition.In actuality, weaknesses of Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers determine to a significant extent the current problem of the patient flow in an inpatient area. To put it more precisely, Veterans Health Administration New England Medical Centers cannot always provide the sufficient number of beds for inpatients and they have to discharge patients, who are at the stage of the recovery and rehabilitation to let new inpatients in to provide them with the urgent treatment, which they need at the moment. As a result, Medical Centers face the problem of the increasing patient flow, which they are not capable to cope with. In this regard, the limited capacity of Medical Centers and their unpreparedness for a growing number of patients results in their inability to provide health care services for all inpatients, which need the assistance of health care professionals working in Medical Centers.Health care organizations essay part 2

How to Write a Strong Dissertation Introduction

How to Write a Strong Dissertation Introduction Learn How to Create a Powerful Introduction for Your Dissertation The introduction to a dissertation may not be the first part of your dissertation a reader encounters, but it’s still one of the essential parts of the work. An introduction sets the tone of your work, allowing the reader to get a better idea about the kind of things they will get out of the dissertation. That is why a sloppily written dissertation introduction can spoil the success of even the most brilliant piece of writing. A strong dissertation introduction needs to be concise and clear. Even more importantly, it should completely match the topic of your work, so that the readers get a logical picture while reading your dissertation chapter by chapter. What Is a Dissertation Introduction? If you’ve come to the point where you need to write a dissertation, it means you’ve created a fair share of other written assignments and are already familiar with the concept of an introduction as a piece of writing. The introduction of the dissertation is the opening chapter of the work that describes the subject of the dissertation, introduces a thesis statement, and gives the readers an idea of what they will find in work. The Purpose of the Introduction in a Dissertation Any dissertation introduction has several clear objectives: To demonstrate the value of your dissertation and the practical relevance of the work; To get the readers acquainted with the fascinating topic of your dissertation; To explore the idea behind the subject with relevant examples. The Content of a Dissertation Introduction So what exactly should the introduction of your dissertation contain? The answer to that question largely depends on the specifics of your work, but there are also certain elements that should be present in every dissertation introduction, regardless of the subject: The indication of the problem; The scope of the work; The relevance of the research in the theoretical and practical field; The objective of the research; The current state of the problem; A description of the research design; Now let’s take a closer look at each of those elements. Indication of the Problem In this part of the introduction you need to explain what caused you to research this particular topic. The topic should stem from your own interests to be equally fascinating to your readers. Scope Using the indication of the problem, define the subject of your dissertation and how it is represented in scientific sources. Don’t include too much research in this part analyze the literature to find a new angle to look at the problem. Relevance Use this part of your dissertation introduction to explain how your work will have both theoretical and practical value. You can use the discussion parts of scientific sources to better formulate the relevance of your research for the scientific community. Current State of the Problem Using relevant scientific literature, let the readers know whether the subject of your dissertation is widely discussed in the scientific field or there has been very little research on the subject. Objective Formulate a brief and concise research objective and the problem statement of your work, which are two separate parts of the introduction. Designing research questions and hypothesis will help you create a more convincing problem statement. If you’re struggling at this stage, consider reviewing the literature first and then returning to the problem statement. Research Design The description of the research design is essential for a successful dissertation introduction, but don’t make it too detailed, as you’ll describe the research design later in the paper. Just state the primary conditions of the research. Outline Introduce briefly the structure of your dissertation here. Use one sentence to describe each chapter. Make sure you word your outline description in an academic and engaging manner. Writing a Research Proposal A dissertation introduction may be one of the first instances where the reader is acquainted with your work, but you are not required to write every chapter of the dissertation in the same order. Writing a research proposal before the introduction will give you more ideas on what to include in your introduction. Plus, as your work progresses, you can always come back to the introduction and improve it. Verb Tenses It’s an unwritten rule of scientific work that when describing your research plans, intentions, and actions, it’s better to use the present simple tense. Indicating previous research or background information calls for the past simple or present perfect tense. Introduction Length There are no rules on how long the introduction of your dissertation should be; the length of this chapter of the dissertation should be dictated by common sense and the nature of your work. Trying to fit the introduction into a single page may result in omitting some important information, but you also shouldn’t use the introduction to describe your work to the smallest detail there will be plenty of opportunities to do it throughout the dissertation. Editing and Proofreading One of the reasons why you should spare enough time for writing a dissertation introduction and shouldn’t leave it to the last minute is that you should be able to revise it before submitting the work. Editing and proofreading your work helps you not only eliminate possible spelling and grammar mistakes but can also give you some ideas on how to make your introduction even better. How to Write a Strong Dissertation Introduction Here are some universal tips on how to make the introduction for your dissertation stronger: Try not to make any claims that you will not be able to substantiate later; Use straightforward academic language to write your introduction; Avoid cramming too much information in the limited space of the introduction you’ll get a chance to describe everything in details later; Pay special attention to the first sentence of the introduction use it to grab attention of the readers. Potential Struggles Most students face some problems while writing the introduction for their dissertation, and here are three most common ones: The introduction is too long; The student tries to get into details, making the reader less interested in continuing reading; The introduction was written according to some formula without any consideration for the specifics of the particular work. Steps to Writing an Effective Introduction Since the job of the dissertation introduction is to attract the attention of the reader, you need to focus on making the introduction engaging and effective, and these are the steps you need to take: Let the readers know about previous researches done in this area; Introduce the topic to the readers in a way that instantly convinces them of its worthiness; Find gaps in previous researches or new aspects of the problem to locate your own niche in the study. To occupy the niche, you’ve found during the research, you’ll need to establish the importance of the work you’re doing and describe the value of your dissertation. Get Professional Writing Help If for any reason, you feel like you won’t complete the dissertation introduction the way you want to, you have one last option order the introduction for your dissertation from our experienced writers and get an introduction that meets each of your goals. Enjoy reasonably priced writing services from the most competent authors on the internet and improve your academic record!

Adaptations for High Altitude Birds

Adaptations for High Altitude Birds Birds have developed the ability to maintain flight at various altitudes. The focus of this essay was placed specifically on flight at high altitudes. The characteristics of birds which maintain flight at high altitudes were found to be enhanced gaseous exchange efficiency, higher O2 affinity haemoglobin, and increase O2 diffusion to muscle fibers as a result of an increase in capillary-fiber ratio in a high-altitude hypoxic environment. It has also been seen that birds found at high altitudes have larger wingspans thereby reducing the energetic costs of flight in low-density air. Key words: Altitude, hemoglobin, hypoxic, wingspan Introduction Though not all birds are capable of flight, most birds are commonly recognized by flight. Birds are found all over the surface of the Earth (Bicudo et al, 2010) in a variety of environments which they are adapted to. Here we will explore the physiology of high altitude bird flight. The main focus will be placed on migrating birds due to the l arge amount of research performed on the species and migrating birds are found at a huge range of altitudes. As stated by Bicudo et al (2010), â€Å"High altitude experienced by birds that reside or breed in high mountains or by migrating birds that must cross such ranges† are considered to be high elevation specialist’s. Factors associated with high altitude causes this environment to be especially challenging for avian flight, these factors includes â€Å"high ambient wind speeds, low air temperatures, low oxygen availability and low air density† (Altshuler and Dudley, 2006). These factors may be detrimental in a birds’ flight performance specifically on bird biomechanics (lift and drag) of avian flight (Altshuler and Dudley, 2006). A consequence of the factors may result in energetics cost being higher in the severely hypoxic and cold environment (Butler and Bishop, 2000). The objective of this essay is to discuss the many features of birds which appea r to be important for high altitude flight (Scott, 2011). Environmental factors at high altitude As stated by Altshuler and Dudley (2006), a gradient in altitude indicates a change in numerous environmental parameters. As altitudes increase, temperature and humidity decrease, however, day length or solar angle of incidence remains the same (Altshuler and Dudley, 2006). An altitude increase, there is a systematic decrease O2 partial pressure (Bicudo et al., 2010). This is one of the most importance changes taking place with regards to respiratory and metabolism due to the reduced availability of oxygen. As partial pressure reduces, there is an inversely increase in the gaseous diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, wind speed increases with altitude, studies propose that birds can minimize their energy costs of flights through the use of wind assistance (Bicudo et al., 2010). As altitude increases, there is also a noticeable decrease with in water content. This decrease in water content in cool air at high elevations may result in desiccation (Bicudo et al., 2010). Thus high oxygen demands for flight are at odds with a decreased O2 availability, air density and lift (Altshuler and Dudley, 2006). Physiology of flight at high altitude Muscles Flight requires a high endurance capacity, for this reason, it relies on oxidative metabolism for energy (Bicudo et al. 2010). The pectoralis muscles of a bird is considered the â€Å"flight motor† of a bird and constitute up to 35% of the total body mass (Bicudo et al. 2010). Long distance migrants â€Å"flight motor† muscles possess rapidly oxidative glycolytic muscle fibers and short distance migrants â€Å"flight motor† muscles possess muscle fibers with a much lower oxidative capacity as well as fast-acting glycolytic fibers (Bicudo et al. 2010). It should be noted that muscle capillary-per-fiber number is higher in highly aerobic pectoral muscles and less aerobic leg muscles for high altitude birds (B icudo et al. 2010).

Article synthesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synthesis - Article Example The article suggests that one of the ways to solve the problems is what is referred to as communication strategies. This is because communication strategies have the ability to overcome the problems since it presents some logical organization of varied communication skills within certain theoretical framework. The article further discusses problems that are realized in communication skills, and identifies social barriers as some of the ways that affect communication skills. In conclusion, the article notes that there are still some problems that exist and there is a need to create further emphasis to enhance staff, patient’s satisfaction. This article has been able to analyze in details; the description of research question as well as hypothesis and description of their criticality on research process. Further, the article has emphasized on the criteria that is seen to be the best in identification of effective research questions. In details, the paper has sought to reveal the advantages as well as the disadvantages that may be experienced in the use of directional and non-directional hypothesis in research. Further, comparison has been made between research hypotheses and statistical hypothesis. The article has also identified the criteria used in critiquing a hypothesis as well as a research question and how this criterion may be used in evaluating research question and research hypothesis in a report. This article identifies professional skills that are needed as communication skills in a healthy work environment, and how this has a bearing on achievement of a positive outcome. The literature lays emphasis on the role of the manager in the facilitation of skilled communication. The article also focuses on the responsibility of individual nurse in becoming a communicator with skills. In providing detailed information so as to enable conceptualization of a Five-Factor Model of becoming a skilled

Theodore McKenzie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theodore McKenzie - Essay Example His shirt, damp from the humidity, outlining his lean built and his broad shoulders, bonded tightly onto his skin. Like tiny crown jewels, droplets of sweat constellated on top of his straight yellow hair - comparable to the colour of the corn kernels. In fact, Theodore remembered other boys referred to him as a corn child, not to mock him or anything - except that he stood out among the rest of the children whose skins were less pallid and whose hair was as dark as burnt wood. Theodore, when he was a child, on his way home from school, used to pass along the tiny path in the middle of the cornfields. Cornfield farmers usually allotted space in between rows of corn so that it would be easy for them to cut grass and weeds that 'affect growth of maize' at least that was how Simeon, an ageing lanky tenant who lives in a shack near the foot of the mountains, explained it. Simeon's wife used to beat him up with corn stem every time he comes home drunk after swigging a jar of coconut wine concocted by the residents in the valley. Theodore remembered the paths to be always free of weeds and he thanked Simeon and the farm workers for that. The brownish soil formed mounds and crests just like those of waves, and when it rained - as it always rained - water cruised along the paths, and the soil glued firmly on his shoes, like sticky rice cake fixed on one's tooth - elevating his black leather boots a few centimeters more. Theodore could not bear walking like that an d he would often take his boots off and walk barefoot towards home. Although sometimes, the blades of corn leaves protruding towards the path and towards him, would cut gently through his skin as a knife with a jagged edge would cut a pinnate leaf, leaving linear marks on his arms. When he was a boy, Theodore recalled going home one day after school, passing through the fields, towards the end of the vast plantation where a lone Baroque-inspired mansion formidably stood. His house was the only structure that could be seen from afar - even if it was viewed from the hills or from the mountains or tens of kilometers away. Its red brick roof looked like a red piece of cloth on a yellow floor during that time of the year, as the plants were almost ready for harvest. The corn's golden kernels still sparkled under the setting sun casting a red glittery reflection on each bead. Almost everyday on his way home, as he approached his house, Theodore would always hear his mother playing music, humming a tune or fingering Wagner on the piano. He didn't know Wagner nor liked his music but his mother manipulated her favorite musical instrument with passion, a kind of ardor, which Theodore had never seen in someone else's fingers or behavior. Today was a strange day though. On his way towards the door, Theodore didn't hear the piano nor hear his mother humming a tune. Instead he heard his father's voice. It was shaky but apparently angry. "What do you mean you don't know where she went" his father was interrogating Teresa, one of the housekeepers. " She is gone Senor Leopold. I looked everywhere. She was not in her room either." "Are you sure you looked in the neighborhood for her" From the doorway, Theodore saw his father's anxious face, his brows creased and his lips parted and shaking like a leaf hanging onto a stem. "We have looked everywhere and we saw one of the suitcases" His father swiftly interrupted the young maid. " She wouldn't do that!

Respnse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respnse - Essay Example To speed up delivery and installation at customer sites, I had insisted that service engineer be attached to this team, which was sanctioned by the Executive Director. Our internal quality processed required that the externally sourced goods be verified and checked before installation at customer sites. This activity was controlled by the service manager. He would deliberately delay the process, as je was upset that I had transgressed into his sphere of power. Entertainment expenses as part of marketing activities was only permitted for managers. Since I had the additional responsibility of liaison with public sector and government agencies, I was given a special concession for entertainment bills, with the requirement that the bill be countersigned by the Executive Director before reimbursement. Scrutiny of bills before passing it on to accounts for reimbursement was the responsibility of the HRM deputy manager. She would call me for verifications each time a bill was presented, per ked at a benefit that she did not enjoy, though we were in the same grade. 3. Do â€Å"organizational politics† have a place in effective leadership, or are they consistently counter-productive to leadership effectiveness? Discuss.

Resisting Disability Epithets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resisting Disability Epithets - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the organization, Hermit Life and Auto, could be deduced to offer insurance services (both life and automobiles) to various clients across the United States. Its communication culture manifests an abundance of expressing disability slur or disability epithet, defined as â€Å"an abusive or contemptuous word or phrase†¦commonly used as a simple synonym for a term of abuse or slur†, with frequent references to words such as â€Å"spazzos† and â€Å"retards† within their communication patterns. The main party involved in Stacey, who is disturbed by the communication culture, particularly due to her being â€Å"the mother of a child with an intellectual disability†. She felt that by being tolerant of other personnel’s constant disregard for respectful and irresponsible use of disability epithet, the communication culture would be construed as an unprofessional representation of the high quality of services they are expec ted to offer to diverse clients â€Å"regardless of race, religion, political or cultural differences, sexual orientation, or mental and /or physical disability†. In this regard, a letter was drafted and written by Stacey with the aim of presenting the issues to her colleagues to ultimately put a stop to the use of disability epithet within the communication culture in the organization.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Art - Essay Example Thus, even if they might have been made for different purposes, at least they had similar essences because it is the same Egyptians who were using it as an important sculpture in their society. Khafre Enthroned refers to funerary statue of Pharaoh Khafre who is believed to have ruled Egypt between the years 2520 and 2570. Currently, it is exhibited in the Museum in Cairo, Egypt. It was made using gneiss rock which is closely related to diorite rocks, a valuable, dark extremely hard material that was mined 4000 miles at the royal quarries along the River Nile. The use of such a precious material in the production of this statue was necessary because it equated Khafre’s influences and authority as an Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh. This statue played a very significant role in Egypt: acting as Pharaoh Ka’s sub statue; and as a sign of peace. This explains why it still plays a significant role in the life of the Egyptians today. Great Sphinx of Giza (Sphinx) which can be literally translated as the father of the dead or a terrifying one is a statue located in Giza Plateau, at the banks of River Nile, Egypt. It was made between the years c. 2558–2532Â  BC during the time when Egypt was under the leadership of Pharaoh Khafra. Just like Khafre Enthroned, this statue has a significant role to play in the lives of the Egyptians. However, the 241Â  ft long, 63Â  ft wide, and 66.34Â  ft high statue depicts an image of a mystical creature which has got a human head and a lion’s body. Thus, it stands as the largest monolithic statue in the entire globe. For this reason, it has had different interpretations especially in the contemporary society. Whereas the London Imperial College’s Surgeon Huan Ashrafian associates it to a depiction of a person suffering from a disease in disease with lion-like conditions, it has been linked to the solar worship that was so prominent amongst the Ancient Egy ptians. This is so because the image of lion has been synonymous with the

Assignment of Acc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment of Acc - Essay Example 129). Among number of departments, the name of finance department is one of them. Finance department is responsible to manage and utilize the funds of the company as a whole. There are number of concepts that come under the ambit of finance and its related literature. Concepts are now moving and enhancing with perfection as well (WILLIAM G. DROMS, Jay O. Wright, 2010, pp.176). Among number of concepts, the name of fund management is one of them, which has its own recognition and importance in a broad nutshell. Managing the funds is an important provision and organizations always have to do something to do the same (NEELAN, Michael H., 2007, pp. 148). The main theme of this assignment is to pen down a sort of analysis broadly refers to cost management stance. The company name of Cycler mate and there are 4 different options from which the entire productivity of the company would be analyze accordingly. Option-1 Stop selling through cycle shops, and focus instead on building up direct mail order and internet sales Cost efficiency is one of the most integral and important part of an organization through which an entity could get the desired result (WARREN, David R., 1997, pp. 57). Organizations have to consider different options in order to get the things done accordingly. Currently, there are number of selling options are available which could be consider by a company or a management to pursue, merely to decrease down the level of cost association. In this scenario, the company is strategizing to go with internet based sales instead of focusing on the selling of the cycles through the cycle shops. Selling the cycles to the consumers with this particular action, will certainly decrease the level of cost of the company and resultantly will increase the financial belongings of the company as a whole. The budgeted figure of this scenario is mentioned below, Sales units price ? Cost Per Sale direct mail order and internet 1,100 700 1.57 cycle shop 1,400 420 3.33 The c omparative analysis of direct mail order and internet and cycle shop is mentioned below in details, year to 12/30/2012 12/30/2011 12/30/2010 12/30/2009 12/30/2008 Â   units units units units units direct sales units 1,055 1,178 967 850 743 shop sales units 1,450 1,621 1,334 1,172 1,010 Total units 2,505 2,799 2,301 2,022 1,753 Difference 395 443 367 322 267 Project Revenue through Direct Sales = 1100 * 700 = 770,000 Project revenue through Cycle Shops = 1400 * 420 = 588,000 Difference = 182,000 270 more cyle units would have been sold by the company to increase the revenue through direct selling 1100 + 270 = 1370 * 700 = 959,000 In order to break even, sales through cycle shop should be of 1833 units in total Project Revenue through Direct Sales = 1100 * 700 = 770,000 Project revenue through Cycle Shops = 1833 * 420 = 770,000 The main strength of this particular strategy is getting the figure of the units which would have been required by the companies to use accordingly, while the re is no risk associated with the same. Option-2 According to the analysis, the price which was mentioned in the year 2011 was the best price for the company as a